Reports Use Of
Gamma Globulin
In Polio Fight
-$
Brtl Cross Briiip Asked
To Colled More Blood
For Program
-«,
Called upon to collect several
million pints of blood for making
itf&.i
fight against poliomyelit
Cross officials met m Portsmouth
a few days ago to make plans for
meeting (fit hei-gt new task. Go
ing beyond die experimental stage
the polio prevention program is
being advanced on a large scale
this year for the first time.
Attending the meeting in Vir
ginia recently, Mrs. H. H. Cowen,
Jr., executive secretary of the
Martin County Red Cross Chapter,
released the following information
on gamma globulin in the form of
questions and answers:
What is gainina globulin'.’
Gamma globulin (also called
immune serum globulin) is that
part of human blood that contains
antibodies built up in the blood
stream as the result of the hu
man body's fighting disease. These
antibodies remain in the blood
stream. They can be separated
from the whole blood and concen
trated for injection into patients
suffering a variety of diseases.
How long has gamma globulin
been used in medical practice'.'
The possibility of separating an
tibodies from whole blood and
using them as medicine wa. the
outgrowth of research just before
and during World War II.
What is gamma globulin used
for?
The major use of gamma globu
lin up to this time has oeen in
the treatment of measles and in
fectious hepatitis. Injection of the
globulin into a child who has been
exposed to measles can preyi lit
the disease in very voung child
ren or, m older children, modify i
it so that the patient is .-oared
dangerous complications such as
bronchopneumonia, encephalitis
(inflammation of the brain), and
serious infections of the inner
ear. If a child has a mild case he
builds up his own lifetime immun
ity against measles.
Before the value of gamma glo
bulin in the treatment of measles
was clinically proved and its use
became common, the death rate
among children suffering measles
was estimated by the United
States Public Health Service as 1
in evM-y 328 cases. Wide use of
gamma globulin began in 1944,
ao vViii.>1ciii:> ih'C .Teatil rave'
among measles sufferers was cut
in half.
Infectious hepatitis (commonly
called contagious jaundice) is the
filth highest in incidence of the
diseases reported to the United.
States Public Health Service. It
is an infection of the liver and is
often fatal. Immune globulin has
proved extremely beneficial in
preventing or modifying the dis
ease in those who have been ex
posed.
Can gamma globulin be used as,
a cure for measles, hepatitis, and
polio after the disease develops?
Gamma globulin apparently has
much less therapeutic value if ad
ministered after any of these dis
eases develop. Its usefulness is to
confer a degree of immunity on a
person who has been exposed to
the disease but has not become ill
from the disease This is particu
larly true in poliomyelitis, the ef
fectiveness of gamma globulin be
ing dependent upon its use before
the polio virus has attacked the
nerve cells in the spinal column.
From what source do physician?
obtain gamma globulin?
Since its discovery, a large part
of the globulin used in the Unit
ed States and its insular posses
sions has been provided to phy.- i-j
cians by the American Red Cross.
Distribution has been through
state and local health depart
ments Since distribution of the
globulin began in 1944. the Red |
Cross has provided more than 4, !
000 000 units of the serum The
dose of gamma globulin for meas
les is 1 or 2 cubic centimeters (1-41
or 1-2 teaspoonful) injected into
the muscles.
In this country there are only
four processing laboratories pro
ducing gamma globulin from
whole blood or plasma. In addi
tion, there are several commercial
firms producing small amounts of
gamma globulin from placentas.
Hod did the Red Cross get the
globulin?
At the end of hostilities in
World War II, the military auth
orities returned to the Red Cross
dried blood plasma that was sur
plus to its needs. This surplus
a wi.» ft acti.onij.ted into ^ry
ma globulin and other valuable
blood derivatives by commercial
laboratories under contract with
the Reel Cross, the Red Cross pav
ing the expense" of fractionating
and distributing the derivatives.
The cost to the Red Cross for frac
tionating and distributing these
products exceeded $7,000,000.
The blood from which the plas
ma has been produced and which,
in turn, was the source of the de
rivatives had been donated by the
American people. Therefore, it
could not be sold by or to any
body but had to be returned to the
people without charge.
What is the value of gamma glo
bulin in the treatment of polio?
For more than 20 years plasma
or serum from persons who have
recovered from polio has been
given to patients in an.attempt to
prevent the disease. This has not
often boon successful. Two things
changed the picture: (1) the pre
paration of gamma globulin made
it possible to concentrate the anti
bodies from tht- blood of many
people, thus providing some pro
tection against the different
strains of the disease in a small
volume of material, and (2) about
2 years ago it was demonstrated
that before the polio virus enters
the nerve tissue it passes through
the blood stream. If antibodies
are administered to an individual
dui ing tins pei iod, they may mini
mize or prevent the destruction of
nerve tissue by the polio virus
Experiments conducted over the
past 2 years in Provo (Utah),
Houston (Texas), and Sioux City
(Iowa), under the auspices of the
National Foundation for Infantile
» 1
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I
I
“Bread Is Life” By louis bromfield <
Bread is the staff of man's
existence.
Bread is wheat and wheat is
earth, the good earth, the good
black earth out of which comes
man's food, his health, hia vigor,
his long life.
Out of the earth comes first a
single green leaf, springing from
the bursting sprouted seed that is
the symbol of resurrection in all
faiths and religions since the
spirits of thought and faith were
raised in man.
In that sprouting seed and tiny
sword-like leaf lies the whole
meaning of life.
Wheat and bread are a part of
that cycle which is the law of the
universe, the law by which we are
born, live and die, the law by
which we are here on this earth,
the law by which we leave our
children behind us . . . the great,
eternal and beautiful law of birth,
growth, death, decay and rebirth.
Of all of this the grain of wheat
is the symbol.
Throughout history the bread
by which we live has been a sym
bol. In ancient faiths bread has
been a god and in many parts of
the earth where life is hard and
aoil infertile, bread today is still
a god.
Bread has made empires snd
the dearth of bread has caused
famines and revolution and the
decline and fall of great nations.
In many countries bread is the
king of the table and all else that
lomei upon the table is merely
the court that surrounds the king.
The courtiers arc the soup, the
•teat, the vegetables, the salad
*. but Bread is King.
if there is bread, all else falls
into place . . hu* Bread is the
Kinfc and the Foundation.
Serving the Bread King since
the beginning of time have been
the Miller and the Baker.
The story of Bread is the story
of eivilizstion itself.
Bread began when the half
savage animals that were primi
tive man stopped roaming th#
wilderness, surfeited one day and
starving the next, his shelter only
the lonely, windy cave or a hut
of dying branches.
With the coming of bread, man
could know that he would eat be
cause his food did not depend
upon the vagaries of the chase.
No longer does the rough mill
stone grind the flour.
In its place are great wheels
and shafts driven by the power of
the forces which the ancients
feared and worshipped without
understanding
And the baker’s shop is no
longer a small dark cave in the
narrow street bustling with peo
ple but a vast, airy, white palace
in which the ground wheat is
turned into bread.
And after ten thousand, fifty
thousand years,bread is still King.
He graces the.tables of the tich
and the poor alike for man with
his skills and power has made the
Bread King a part of the life of
even the poorest citizen as well
as a delicacy on the table of the
gourmet.
Bread is lh« staff of Man's
existence.
Bread is still King and will
always be.
Bread it Lift.
Paralysis and as a paid of its total
rood roll piogram, have demon
strated the effectiveness of the
gamma globulin treatment in the
prevention of the paralysis that
often accompanies polio. The tests
involved some 55,000 children
above the age of 1 year.
What was the source of the
gamma globulin used in the polio
•experiments conducted during the
past 2 years’
All the globulin (over 25.000
closes) was provided by the Red
Cross without charge.
llow effective is gamma globu
lin in the prevention of paralysis?
In the experiments during the
past 2 years, the incidence of par
alysis in children receiving the
gamma globulin was markedly re
dueed but not completely elimin
ated.
How long does gamma globulin
give protection against paralysis?
The globulin seems to he effec
tive m prevention of paralysis for
a period of 1 to 5 weeks following
exposure.
How much gamma globulin is
given eac h child exposed to polio?
The dose of globulin varies, de
pending on the weight of the per
son injected. In the experiments
conducted during the past 2 years,
the dosage varied from 4 to in
cc depending upon age and
weight. The average close was 7
cubic centimeters.
How much blood is required to
make one dose of gamma globu
lin for use in people exposed to
polio?
The average close requires the
gamma globulin recovered from
digthly more than 1 pint of whole
alood.
How does gamma globulin serve
tn prevent paralysis'.’
Polio is a virus disease; the vi- |
rus eireulates through the blood j
stream before it attacks the nor- j
vous system. If this virus can be I
attacked by the antibodies in gam
ma globulin before it strikes the
nerve centers, paralysis may be
prevented or minimized. When
the nerve center is destroyed, the
muscle that it serves is paralyzed.
How many communities may be
expected to suffer polio epidemics
in a given year?
The National Foundation for
Infantile Paralysis estimates that
at least 150 counties in the na
tion may be expected to suffer a
polio epidemic each year. This
does not mean that any specific
communities may expect epide
mics, but that at least 150 of the
more than 3,000 counties in the
United States may expect to be
hit by poliomyelitis in epidemic
proportions.
How many children may be ex
pected to be exposed?
It is estimated that there will
he about 2,000,000 children in the
epidemic areas each year. There
fore, a minimum of 2,000,000 doses
requiring more than 2,000,000
blood donations would be requir
ed to give each child protection
against paralysis. Present pro
cessing facilities in the United
States will be used to their full
opacity to produce all the gamma
globulin possible between now
and next summei and to prepare
loi 1954 However, based on pre
sent production estimates, it will
be impossible for the processing
laboratories to produce the total
quantity of gamma globulin need
ed for the 1953 polio season. Un
til processing facilities are enlarg
'd/rtli Bwirr”
WE HAVE
CHANGED OUR LOCATION
To The
UNION STORAGE BUILDING
On the A. (i, li. Railroad - Next To
W. I. Skinner Tobacco Factory.
We have a Complete Stoek of fertilizers.
Lei ut« lake eare of your need a.
J. REG SIMPSON, Agent
ViKGLMA-CAKOLIIVA CHEMICAL COUP.
i ■'<.!, therefore, the quantity of gam
ma globulin available will have to
be allocated on a basis of medical
need to those persons requiring its
protection against measles and he
patitis as well as polio.
Who will collect, the blood to
provide the gamma globulin to;
protect people exposed to polio.’
The Offiee of Defense Moiii/a
tion has requested the American
National Red Cross to assume this
responsibility and. in view of the]
imperative need for gamma glo- i
bulm, the Board of Governors of:
tlie organization on Novembet^y
1952, agreed to
share of this responsobility in ad -1
dition to its task of collecting!
b’ -'d for approximate!}, half the'
nation's civilian hospitals, for the:
Korean wounded, and for build
ing a national plasma reserve for
military and civil defense needs.
To meet this fourfold responsi
bility, it will be necessary for the
Red Cross and cooperating com
inunity blood banks to collect over
5 million pints of blood during
the calendar year of 1953. This
estimate equals the peak blond
collections of any years during
World War II.
Wrhv was the Red Cross select
ed for this responsibility?
The Red Cross was selected to
assume this responsibility because
of its experience and success in j
collecting blood during World W.n
II and during the years since I94K. j
when it inaugurated a civilian
blood program that, in 1950, was j
expanded to collect blood to meet
defense needs. The Red Cross was
already operating a net-work of
centers and was the logical organi
zation to be asked to perform the
job.
Who will finance the production
of gamma globulin for polio?
Thi‘ Red Cross will finance the
processing of gamma globulin to
I the limit of processing facilities.
The money will be derived from
its annual fund campaign receipts.
The project will cost approximate
ly $7,000,000 during the first year.
Who will distribute the gamma
globulin to be used in the treat-!
merit of polio patients?
The Red Cross will not allocate
or distribute gamma globulin.
Since the amount of globulin
needed will far exceed the expect
ed supply the Office of Defense !
Mobilization has requested the
National Research Council to con
sul! with appropriate professional,
industrial and governmental.1
g ro u ps Js id
ibie and equitable inefhod of alio'”
c,,tion «nd distribution in time " >r 1
the n; xt polio season.
There were 140 children 14
years' of age or under killed in
traffic accidents on North Caro- j
lina highways last year.
NOTICE OF SALE
By virtue of the power eon
tamed in a judgment in the ease
of Mary James Pierce vs. Naomi
James el als. of record in the
Clerk's office of Martin County i
the undersigned commissioners
will "n Saturday. January 31,
1953, at 12 o'clock noon in front
of the courthouse door of Martin
County, in the Town of William
ston, North Carolina, offer for
sale at public auction for cash
the following described tract of
land: S
A tract of land in Jamesville
Township. Martin County, North
Carolina, bounded or, the east by
Welches Creek, on the south by
Charlie Smith, on the west by
Johnnie James Estate, and on the
north by Albeit Boston, contain
ing thirty six (36) acres, more or
less, and being thi same lands
conveyed to the late Thomas
.Tomes i father of the petitioner
aim i enpiinct* hi T,"'by 'Rii'tWfrTJuin
and v ■
R L. Coburn and P. H. Bell,
j6-!3 20-27 Commissioners
SLAB WOOD for SALE
Delivered To Your Door.
Williain^lou Supply to.
DIAL 2460
PITTSBURGH
PROOF
HOUSE PAINT
Stays Whittr,
( o*l smoke or industrial
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It's self-clean
ing, too.
OAllON
Corey Plumbing Co.
SOUTHERN BUTANE GAS CORF.
“The Extra Value Gas”
For GAS SAI.GS SERVICE
Call
W. G. (Bill) ARNOLD
Box 704 William-Ion, [\. (]. I’lione 2756
YEARS
OLD
Club
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H UlSKI v
STEUGHT BOURBON WHISKEY
THIS WHISKfcY IS 4 YtARS OLD
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