UNCLE SAM'S MONET
( ' mm i aim in ' :
HOW UK MAKES, ISSUES AND
CANCELS CURRENCY.
Over $900,000,000 of Ilia papei
Always Outstanding Its Manufac
ture, Checks and Safeguard, '
und Final Destruction,
"AUKICE L. MUHLEMAN,
cashier of the Sab-Treasury,'
is an expert on Uncle
Sam and his money mat
ters. Mr. Muhleman has been the
chief, next below the Assistant Treas
urers, in New York for years, and .a
Sun reporter asked him the other day
for an interview as to' all the wrinkles
as to how our money is made, how
much has been issued in a given time,
and all of the details of the money
making machine of the United States
Government. Mr. Muhleman replied
"I observe an article going the
rounds of the papers relative to the
issue and redemption of Bank of Eng
land notes. The number of notes can
celled daily is given at 50,000, and it
is regarded as quite a large figure.
But Undo Sam, in the management
of his paper' money, cancels a good
many more notes daily. It is" quite
probable that the number of notes de
stroyed daily has reached 200,000,
since the average during 1893 was
over 190,000, estimating 300 working
days to the year. Our office here in
New York alone has sent to 'Washicg
ton as high as 170,000 notes in one
day. Of course these notes are re
placed by a like or larger number,
' and so the issue department handles
an equal volume of notes.
"During the fiscal year 1894 the
number of notes of all kinds issued
amounted to over 66,000,000, of an
aggregate value of $441,000,000.'' To
accomplish this tremendous issue ol
paper and its redemption when it has
done its work among the people re
quires the labor of many hands and
the exercise of great care. First the
paper, like that of the Bank of Eng.
land note, is of a special kind, and
made only for the Government, at the
mills of Crane & Co., Pittsfietd, Mass.
Only clean linen rags are used, and
the distinctive fibre is put in as it is
made. For a while this fibre was not
used, but it was found advisable to
have it restored. A Government rep
resentative is stationed at the mill and
sees that no paper of this kind is made
except for the United States ; to do
this he has, of course, full supervis
ion, The paper is turned out in sheets
of a Bize to permit th9 printing of f cur
notes on each. About 14,000,000
sheets were, therefore, required in the
pa6t fiscal year. These are forwarded
after count from the mill to the Treas
ury Department, where they are
counted. and from time to time de
livered to the Bureau of Engraving
and Printing, where the notes are
printed from plates kept in the vaults.
"The Treasurer of the United States
estimates from time to time what de
nominations and amounts of notes he
needs, and the Comptroller of the Cur
rency does the same for the notes of
national banks. The paper is then
issued to the printers, who receipt for
the number of sheets and the plates
they are to use. . . '
"From this point onward the sheet
begins to be treated somewhat as if it
were actually money. The printing
press contains an automatic nutaerioal
register recording the number of notes
printed. '; A 6trict count is kept as the
sheets pass through the various stages
of wetting down, back printing, dv
ing," face printing, pressing, number
ing, and delivery to the Treasurer's
office, where finally the seal of the
Treasury is placed upon the notes;
and the four notes are separated, ar
ranged numerically, and put up , in
packets of 100 notes, these in bundles
of 1000, and shipping packages of
4000 notes.
"A general record by the numbers
of the notes is kept, showing to which
Treasury office or bank they! are first
issued ; but no record of redemptions
by numbers is kept, excepting ia this
case of redemption of fragments.
"Tho Bureau of ; Engraving and
Printing employs about 1350 people,
but a large part ;of this force is em
ployed on the work of printing inter
nal revenue Btamps. It is estimated
that the cost of printing notes and
stamps is $25 per 1000 sheets, say two
and one-half cents a sheet ; for notes
the expense is considerably above this,
as stampsare printed on1, only one
side. ' Probably notes cost from for
tofive cents a ' sheet, or about one
cent apiece.
"Ths national bank notes are de
livered to the Comptroller of the Cur
rency, who turns them over to the
banks for signature by the officers and
issue. The Government notes when
-hipped to a Sab-Treasury are paid
out in exchange for larger onca or for.
Government payments; and, when
they have become defaced or torn they
generally find their way into banks
from which the great bulk of old notes
are received for redemption.
"As might be inferred, the handling
of such a large volume of money is
cu'oumsoribed by a great many checks
and safeguards. The notes when fin
ished are packed and placed in a large
.vault and held 'in reserve ;' each kind
and denomination being stored separ
ately and packages properly labeled
ana arrauged according to the num
bers of the notes. It is desirable that
the notes be 'aeasoned' ait or eight
-weeks" to permit the ink to dry thor
oughly. Well-seasoned notes last
longer under the same amount of wear
and tear than those issued at once.
Of course an accurate record is con
tinually kept of the stock on hand.
The daily deliveries by the Printing
Bureau and the withdrawals Jor issue
are supervised by the officers repre
senting the several offices interested
The Register of tho Treasury, whose
name appears on the notes, is as much
interested as is the Treasurer to see
that not more than the proper number
of notes is issued ; and the Secretary
of the Treasury is equally interested
to see that the laws limiting the issues
are properly observed.
"To illustrate this especially, the
law provides that there shall be no
more . than $346,681,016 of United
States, notes (or greenbacks) outstand
ing, so that the officers are permitted
to issue daily only the exact amount
which is cancelled and destroyed each
day. Therefore the same officers must
be satisfied as to the amount redeemed
daily When the Treasurer's force of
counters has concluded the count and
assortment of a day's receipts of notes,
these are cut in half longitudinally
after cancellation one-half going to
the office of the Secretary, the other
half to the office of the Register, where
the notes are recounted, then a proper
certificate is made out by representa
tives of the several offices, and de
struction follows and is again certified
to. iSTotes are now destroyed by being
macerated or ground " into pulp with
certain chemicals. ,
"Unlike the notes of the Bank of
England, our notes which come baok
to the Treasury in a condition fit for
further use are again issued. Thus it
is estimated that the average life of
notes is about three years. The ones
and twos have shorter, but the hun
dreds, five hundreds, and one thou
sands much longer, lives.. .
"The Government issues at present
three kinds of paper money : United
States notes, or greenbacks ; silver cer
tificates, representing silrer dollars on
deposit, and Treasury notes, author
ized by the law of 1890. No new issues
are really, made now ; only reissues ;
substituting new for old notes, and
small fpr large denominations, or vioe
versa. Gold certificates were issued
up to April 15, 1893 ; since that date,
under the law of 'July 12, 1882, none
are issued, nor reissued, the gold re
serve having fallen below one hundred
millions, at which point the limit un
der thS law was reached. These gold
certificates represent gold actually on
deposit and payable on demand. There
are uqw about $66, 000, 000 of these
outstanding. .
"Unole Sam treats his many rela
tives quite fairly as to mutilated paper
monejjt. If three-fifths or more of the
note is presented, he will pay full
value for it; on less than three-fiftht,
but clearly more than two-fifths, he
pays 'one-half the face value; if by
chance a portion of the note is totally
destroyed by fire or otherwise, he will
pay the full value, if, with the rem
nants,' 'the unlucky nephew will send
him an' affidavit showing the faots and
containing a certificate of good char
acter.". " .-;- : '
,', An Old Poundary Stone.
The old ncarble monument whioh
has stood on the sea coast near Tia
Juna ) since 1849, marking the
boundary line between the United
States and' Mexico, is in the city un
dergoing a redressing, to .remove tie
evidence of the work of the relic
hunters, who have chipped the monu
ment until it is almost unrecognizable,
says the San Diego ' (Cal.) Union.
After being cut down about two
inches all wound, it will be relettered
and set up again, with a fence of steel
pickets around it. The pickets will have
fcharp'points sticking in like a shark's
teeth; and the reiio-hanter getting in
will b? likely to stay until some offioer
can catch him and send him to the
penitentiary, as the new statutes pro
ride. . ' '
The German newspapers are severe
ly criticising the Kaiser for dining
with ex-Empress Eugenie. . They say
that it was not Bhowing a proper re
spect for the French republic.
FARM AND HOUSEHOLD.
' BEES A1TD FBCTT. ,
Because honey bees sting, people
who don't like them and are disliked
by them often accuse them of sundry
misdoings. Among these it is claimed
that bees will sometimes injure ripe
fruit. , To determine whether this ac
cusation is deserved or not an experi
ment was tried. A quantity of dam
aged fruit was placed on a table in
the open air, and many bees from
neighboring hives were quiokly ; at
tracted to it. After they had gotten
fairly to work . upon it the damaged
fruit was removed and sound fruit put
in its place. .Tnsr few minutes the
bees had all -' abandoned the table.
Most of the damage oharged to bees is
done by birds, ants, wasps and hor
nets, but the honey, bee is not able to
injure sound, fruit. Courier-Journal.
COLOB OF HOBSE3.
"A great deal of importance is at
tached by expert horse buyers to the
color of horses, particularly with re
gard to their legs," said a Western
stockman. "The best horses I have
ever known had their feet and legs
marked with white. It is proverbial
that sorrel and chestnut horses with
' white upon their legs are good na
tured, while horses of the. same oolor
without a dash of white are1 often
found to be unsafe animals. Many
people think that the parti-colored
horses belonging to circuses are se
lected for their oddity, but they are
really chosen on aocount of their gen
tleness and docility. It is said that a
blaok horse cannot stand the heat,
and white . horses, have been pro
nounced as unsuited to cold. The phys
iognomy of horses- is also much re
garded. If he is full and broad be
tween the eyes, he is supposed to have
superior sense and to be easily trained,
but if he has a sharp, narrow face, be
careful how much you trust hire."
St. Louis Globe-Democrat.
COLORING BUTTER. .
There is no deceit or dishonesty in
coloring butter, any more than in dye
ing silks or woolen cloths to suit the
fancy or taste of - the purchaser. ' If
people like yellow butter, and they
seem to do so, it is a perfectly proper
act to supply them with the "painted"
butter, as it is sometimes called. It is
a mistake to think that the butter of a
Jersey cow is always of the high color
believed to be a' special attribute of
these cows The butter made on fresh
grass is the standard color of the best
quality, but most of the Jersey butter
is colored, even in the summer. A
really good cow, however, will yield
yellow butter in the winter, when fed
on clover hay and corn meal, while
corn fodder and bran or oats will give
a lighter shade. - The best dairymen
color their butter,' and that at the
Chioago test was colored, but it seems
a farce that , the color of the butter
made was counted at ten points in the
scale of excellence, when it was arti
ficial. .The true test should have been
butter uneolored, and this would have
been really n test of the animals. The
Guernsey cows notably made the best
colored butter at Chicago. New York
Times.
FABM AND GARDES NOTES.
Wax beans may be planted even at
late as this month, and will gird a sup
ply, if frost does not appear too early
in the fall.
Cut back the young raspberry canes
when they are three feet high and they
will have stronger branohes than if
cut back when full grown.
For the squash vine borer there Is
no certain remedy,1 but for the squash
bug use Scotoh snuff three parts and
insect powder one part, well mixed,
and dust the mixture on and around
the vines.
The advice of a practical dairyman
is to milk a cow with her first and
second oalves until, at least, within
two months of when she is expeoted to
calve ; this is the surest and best way
of making a persistent milker. -
Here is a well tried fly remedy :
Mix three quarts of train oil, one
quart crude petroleum and one ounce
carbolic acid. Apply to the animal
with a sponge. . ; An application onoe
in five days will give very satisfactory
results. ,
. One dairyman has reached the con
clusion that no j self-respecting oow
will pay more for her feed and care
than it is worth. Her milk is her
capital, and if you get it you must pay
for it, and you get what you pay for
and no mere.
If short of pasturage or fodder or
both, sow some rye or oats for fall
feed. If an open winter a good field
of rye will furnish much feed all win
ter. If not desired for a grain crop it
may be turned under in the spring
and corn planted, . . .. ....
Many farmersin thedrouth-striojj
regions are cutting the ruined corn
witn tneir Harvesters. . lms is ex
pected to make better feed than or
dinary wild hay. The bundles should
be well cured in the shock, then
stacked in narrow ricks near the feed
ing place. ' "
BECtPICS.
Salsify Salad Boil the salsify until
perfectly tender, drain it and cut. it
into lengths. Put it on a dish, and
pour over it any simple salad dress
ing, or toss it up lightly with oil,
vinegar, salt.pepper and chopped rav
igote. . Garnish as fancy dictates.
Time to boil the salsify, one hour. '
..' Frangipangi Tart Pound eight
macaroons fine; pour sufficient boil
ing milk over them to form a light
batter; add six well-beaten eggs,
sweeten a little, pour into . a saucepan
and stir over the fire until it thickens ;
add a quarter of a cupful of butter and
one teaspoonful or orange extract ; or
the juice of one orange j line a dish
with pastry, add the mixture and bake
twenty minutes; just before serving
sift powdered sugar over it.
Bhubarb . Pudding Butter a baking
dish thickly and cover the bottom with
slices of butter bread. Cover with
rhubarb cut in short pieces. Sprinkle
freely with sugar, and then put on an
other layer of bread and butter and
proceed thus until the dish is full.
Cover closely and bake an hour and a
half. Remove cover and brown. Serve
with sweet sauce.
Egg Lemonade Separate the whites
and yolks of four eggs. Beat ' the
whites and yolks separately until light.
Dissolve one oup of sugar in one pint
of boiling water and add to it the juice
of four good-sized lemons. Now turn
into about one quart of grated ioe,
enough to chill it quickly. Stir the
yolks of the eggs into the whites, tnrn
them into a pitcher and pour in, at a
good height, the lemonade. Pour the
mixture from one pitcher to another
for a moment, then serve.
: Curiosities of Glycerine.
One of the great advantages of
glycerine in its chemical employment
is the fact that it neither freezes nor
evaporates under any ordinary tem
perature. No perceptible loss by
evaporation has been detected at a
temperature less than 200 degrees F.,
but if heated intensely it decomposes
with a smell that few persons find
themselres able to endure. It burns
with a pale flame, similar to that from
alcohol, if heated to about 303 de-.
grees, and then ignited. ' Its non
evaporative qualities make the com
pound of much use as a vehicle for
holding pigments and colors, as in
stamping and typewriter ribbons, car
bon papers and the like.
If the pure glycerine be exposed for
a long time to a freezing temperature,
it crystallizes with the appearance of
Bugar candy, but these crystals being
onoe melted it is almost an impossi
bility to get them again into the con
gealed state. If a little water be added
to the "glycerine no crystallization
will take place, though under a suffi
cient degree of cold the water will
separate and form crystals, amid
which the glycerine, will remain in its
natural state of fluidity. If .suddenly
subjected to intense cold, pure glycer
ine will form a gummy mass which
cannot be entirely hardened or crys
tallized. Altogether it is quite a
peculiar substance. New York Tele
gram. '" " ' -
A Mound Builder's Skeleton.
Workmen undor Prof eesor More
.head, who is making aroheological re
searches into the Ambos mound near
Columbus, Ohio, have discovered a
skeleton in a fair state of preserva
tion. The skull and teeth are intact,
and their formation indicates the an
cient Indian or mound builder. It i&
one of the oldest skeletons yet found.
The skeleton frame was doubled up,
with the head toward the south.' Mr.
Morehead covered the skull with shel
lao to harden the bone. The bones
when found were covered with bowld
ers from the river bed. A number of
flints and spear heads were found near
by. Some of the flints were said to
be from Licking County and others
from Western Kentucky.---New York
Press.
A Natural Refuge.
Hostess (at evening party) "How
dull everybody seems. I think I had
better ask Miss Poundaway to play
something."
Host "Oh, Matilda? - She's such an
execrable performer, you know!"
Hostess "What difference does that
make? It will, start the conversation
all the same." Truth,
The orphan and foundling refuges
of France have accommodations for
16,700 children, the asylums for 70,
00 aged acd wfirxnpersonB,
DAINTY. DRESSES.
Jx
ARTISTIC CONCEPTIONS IN
, jTU3INAL COSTUMES.
ait-
Summer's Daintiness Reflected In Fall
Gowns Prevailing Colors in ,
, Dress Tb Norfolk
Jacket's Upturn. ;
F proof is needed to shovthat the
fall styles will be characterized
by summer's daintiness, a glance
at the accompanying skotctv,
should be convincing. No pains have
been spared to have these two gowns
highly wrought at least in their upper
halves. The left one of these two
dresses is of dull green woolen suiting,
having a moderately wide bell skirt
entirely plain. Its jacket bodice has
a vest of gathered white mull, which
is finished with a turndown collar and
a pleated frill that extends jabot fash
ion down the front. A short circular
basque finishes the jacket, and is
trimmed with a double cape and two
velvet straps, ornamented with steel
buckles, which keep the loose fronts
inplaoe. The moderately wide gigot
sleeves are' finished with mull ruffles
at the wrists. The jacket is not lined.
Pink silk, pink silk gauze and white
lace insertion compose the other dress
of the same picture." Its bell skirt is
covered with gauze and is finished
with a lace frill inside. The outside
remains untrimmed. The blouse re
quires a fitted pink foundation, over
TWO FALL AND W1NTEB COSTUMES. ,
No. 1, says the Mail and Express, shows a dress of the popular black and
white checked silk, with the skirt trimmed with two gathered frills.- The full -m.
bodice is drawn into a deep belt of black sillc buttoned witn lancitulsiivei-
buttons, and bearing from the neck to the waist a cravat of embroidere'df "
muslin, with an applique lace edge. The sleeves, which reach only to the;
. elbow, are tied there with black ribbons, while the costume is crowned, with a
French hat, with soft lace falling over the briin. V '
, No. 2 represents a gown with a skirt of flowered, chine, trimmed round -the
hem with two kiltings put on in Vandykes of accordion-pleated chiffon. ,
The bodice, which is made of a plain heliotrope poult de' soie, shows double
revers, one of the chine silk, the other of the plain, turning back to display v
an accordion-pleated vest, which is tied up to the neck with a band of ribbon
set into a bow at the back. : . ..
which the tulle and lace insertion are
laid, and gathered at neck and waist.
It is alike in back and front and
fastens at the side. A pink ribbon
belt is ornamented; with two bows,
like ones . decorate the puffed elbow
sleeves, and a white tulle bow is
placed at the neck.
Cambric, which is stiff, starchy and
crinkling,, is quite the right thing for
a morning gown. Let it be made
with a gored skirt, finished . with a
deep stitched hem. The bodice will
have a high standing collar of moire
or piquet, and there will be flared
cuffs to match and a folded belt with
a rosette at either side of the back,
from which fall long stole ends. For
colors white is always pretty, and pink
with white moire has an , established
vogue. White with a tiny pale green
line is elaborated with lilac moire, the
TWO AUTUMN MAIDS.
hat being green straw with lilac chif
ton bows. Blue cambric has collar,
epaulets and belt of heavy gray linen.
White cambric has finishings of dull
blue duck, and so on. Contrast and
simplicity must govern the choice.
AS OWJj FOB THE COIFFURE.
Perched smid the fluffy locks
of
blond or brunette the newest coiffure
ornament stands forth as a perfectly
unique conceit. ; It is an owl, per
fectly modelled in diamonds, with eyes
of yellow agate. Not qui teas original
as this owl ornament is a butterfly of
mother-of-peark which is, ' however,
given a brilliant appearance by a stud
ding of rubies, emeralds and sapphires
upon the wings.
THE NORFOLK JACKST 3 RCTCE. '
There seems to bo a tendency to a
i
return of that old style, tho Norfolk
jacket, which was so popular ten years
ago, that, when well made, sets off a
slim figure better - than almost any
other garment, ana is universauy d
coming, unless a woman is fleshy tcT
exaggeration. This particular jacket
is cut on graceful, lines and ought to
be taken up by many slender women.'
THE EIGHT THZNOS TO WEAR.
In looking upon the array of smart
novelties designed for autumn and,
winter wear, one is ' bound to admit
that the black and white craze has in - ,
-
no way diminished, its most careful
manipulation having been productive
of better results, which are largely re
sponsible for its sustained popularity.
The unique idea in, connection with
this blending of opposites is to brin
in a veritable outsider in the way of?
some colored or, flowered silk utterly ' '
antagonistic to the general ; color
scheme adopted in the black and white
mixtures. Thus a Btriped gown will ,
have a turquoise' blue or geranium
pink collar and belt or a. black satin
skirt will have a white chiffon bodice
trimmed with bands of black lace in
sertion laid over magenta or green r
satin ribbon the same width.
Alpaca has come to the fore as a
serviceable fabric, and poplin has b&en
made popular by the boom given it in
England through Her Majesty, the ;
Queen's preference for it aud lavish se
lection of it in the gift of a trousseau -to
Princess Alix; the future Czarina.
The plain undraped skirt will be the
favorite this winter, as the overskirt
has not proved as popular as was ex- -pected,
there being very few modistes;
who could manage the double arrange
ment as gracefully as the less compli-'
catedform. ' Flat folds and bands are
used in preference to fluffier trim
mings, but what the skirt lacks in be
ruffled fullness," the bodice amply
makes, up in its extra dressiness, as
there is no ornamentation missing so -far
as that is concerned. The sleeves
are' not quite as large as formerly, but ,
make up for width in the matter of
greater length, . coming over 'the
knuckles frequently, and they are
therefore a little' larger at the wrists
than formerly. The double puff has
been introduced instead of tne large'
single one, and is really a Tery pretty '
style it managed Veil. ; v
KEW STYLE SHOES. ' ,
No woman is going to buy'an old
style shoe, if she wants to feel that she
is as well dressed as. other ' wotaen.
The fashionable bdot andhoe is row
made on a pointed last, with a etr;i;ht
tip. Common sense and round toe
lasts are out of date and so are tb
diamond tips. It doesn't cost..
more to be in than to beontof fafU:-3.
The new style shoes are not "uncom
fortable ; because 'of the n arrow d ess
of the toes; all shoes are worn at If at
one size larger than usual.
Colonel Casey is called the crn
king of Henry Co'ituty,' Kentucky, lie
owns 1560 erea ia corn, and has l?en
figuring oo, 52,400 bushels.