Newspapers / The Roanoke Beacon and … / Sept. 2, 1910, edition 1 / Page 2
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STUNG BY BASE INGRATITUDE La rJL (HDL JL J 12 UA DEPUTY COmJJOMR Of TASHER&5 3 IT ill H T WAS nearly 40 years ago that tha United States government first awoke to the necessity of conserv ing the aquatic resources of the country, and began those operations in behalf of fishes, fishermen and fish-eaters that have now attained such gigantic proportions. Several of the states had already established their local fish commis sions or boards when in 1S71 con gress took the initial step toward a national fishery service by the passage of a Joint resolution creating the oflice of commis sioner of fish and fisheries. The early years of the bureau of fisheries were devoted to an investigation of the con dition of the fisheries of the Atlantic coast, Great Lakes, and other sections; to studies of the interior and coastal waters and their in habitants, and to exploration of the off-shore fishing banks. The cultivation of useful fishes was soon taken up throughout the country and quickly attained larg proportions. The natur al expansion of the work wa3 materially aug mented irom time to time by acts of congress, and in a comparatively short time the opera tions came to have a very wide scope. From year to year, as the importance of the work has become increasingly evident, addi tional hatcheries have been built, the capacity of existing hatcheries ha3 been enlarged, the scale of the operations has been extended, and new kinds of fishes have been added to the output. Today there is scarcely a phase of aqulcul ture. of the fishing industry, or of biological and physical science as connected with tha streams was centered at six hatcheries and subhatcheries in 1909. At one of these the principal species handled is the Atlantic sal mon, at four the shad, at three the yellow perch, at two the white perch, and at one the Striped bass. In recent years the bureau haa operated a shad hatchery on the Delaware riv er, and has detailed the steamer Fish Hawk for shad hatching in Maine, New Jersey, North Carolina and Florida. The central station, in Washington, is operated largely for experimen tal and exhibition purposes. In order to counteract the effects of tha very exhausting fisheries of the Great Lakes, the government has maintained hatcheries for many years, and now operates six belonging to the United States and two belonging to the state of Michigan. The fishes to which atten tion is given are those which enter most large ly into the catch of the fishermen, namely, the whitefieh, cisco, lake trout, "and pike perch, the annual output of which now exceeds one and a tlii'i'iU'A- sSSif fiH1 M.irZxJ Wmms? HATCXttY CAW A smjppMG raouror mjrec 0 -Z3 mwm A PZANT OF -v rfffe&m-ss .iirW north cmouft ; --mm&mm iimzksm&A t l&&femii;Sy:?iiK r9P 7r: ',v: waters, that does not come within the purview of the bureau. It is conceived to be the better policy to ex pend a small amount of public money in ma king fish so abundant that they can be caught without restriction and serve as cheap food for the people at large, rather than to expend a much larger sum in preventing people from catching the few fish that still remain after generations of Improvidence. Public or government fish-culture In Ameri ca exceeds in extent and' importance that of all other countries combined. However, the neglect of some of the states to provide the minimum protection to certain species inhabi ting interstate and international waters has not only negatived the fish-cultural work of the bureau and of the states themselves, but has practically inhibited it by preventing the pos sibility of securing an adequate supply of eggs, thus making desirable and necessary the pla cing of interstate and international waters un der the jurisdiction of the general government. At the end of the firsc ten years of the bu reau's existence, the fishes that were, being regularly cultivated were shad, carp, chincok salmon, Atlantic salmon, land-locked salmon, rainbow trout, brook trout and whitefish, in ad dition to which the propagation of several oth ers had been undertaken experimentally. The list now is six times as long and the annual output is ten times the aggregate for the ten year period ending in 1S81. The main energies are devoted to the im portant commercial fishes shad, whitefish, lake trout, Pacific salmons, white perch, yel low perch, cod, flatfish and the lobster, which are hatched in lots of many millions annually. More widely popular, however, are the distri butions of the fisho3 of the interior waters Thich are generally classed as game fishes. Al though representing only about 10 per cent of the output of the hatcheries, this feature of the work U very important, for it supplies choice kinds of fish for public rivers, lakes and ponds, and for fishing preserves and private ponds and streams in all parts of the United States. The fishe3 most !n demand for these purposes are the land-locked salmon, the dif ferent species of trout, the prayllng. the basses, the crappies, the sunfishes, and the catfishes, but various others also are handled. Fish-cultural stations are established by special act of congress, and their location and construction are determined after a careful survey of the available sites in a given st3te. The usual buildings arc the hatchery proper, a residence for the superintendent and his fam ily, and necessary outbuildings. At some sta tions there may alpo be power houve, foreman's or fish-culturist'a dwelling, mess hall and sta ble. The only permanent marine hatcheries are in Maine and Massachusetts, where the cod, pollock, flatfish, and lobsters arn hatched in immense numbers. Other sea fishes that have in previous years been artificially propagated . and may again come under the hand of the fish-culturist are the haddock, the scuppaug. the Eheepshcad, the ?ea bass, the mackerel, and the squeteague, some of which were hatched on the steamer Fish Hawk, in Chesapeake bay and Florida. The fish-cultural work on the eastern coast CATCJiJYG AflO SORTJiG TH 3FOOD FISH o half billions. Under arrangement with the Canadian authorities, two egg-collection sta tions for whitefish, cisco, and lake trout are maintained at points in Ontario. While surveying a new "bank" on the coast of Alaska, the government steamer Albatross in 20 minutes made the experimental catch of cod and halibut ehown in one of our illustra tions. As a result of explorations of the Al batross on the Pacific coast, fisheries of great importance have been established there. The hatcheries on the rivers and lakes of the Pacific coast are devoted almost exclu sively to the various salmons. In California, where the bureau established a salmon hatch ery as early as 1872, there is one central or main station, at Baird, on the McCloud river, with important collecting stations on two other tributaries of the Sacramento. In Oregon a central hatchery at Oregon City, on the Wil lamette river, has three subhatcheries on trib utaries of the Columbia, in Oregon and Wash ington, and three subhatcheries on tributaries 'of the P.ogue river, Oregon, in addition to sev eral egg-collecting station. The interests of the large salmon fisheries of the Puget Sound region are safeguarded by a hatchery on Baker lake, on the Skagit river. A significant feature of artificial propagation on the Pacific seaboard is that in the Columbia basin the hatching of the acclimatized shad has begun on a small scale, and in the Sacramento basin the cultivation of the acclimatized striped bass has commenced under conditions which in dicate that more eggs of this species may be obtained in California than in any of the states to which the fish is native. The hatcheries in the interior regions con stitute the most numerous class, and their output reaches the largest number of people. Their operations are addressed chiefly to the so-called "game" fishes, which, while caught mostly by anglers, nevertheless constitute an Important clement of the food supplj'. At these stations large numbers of fish are reared to tha fingerling or yearling sizes before being re leased; for this purpose more or less extensive pond areas are required. The fish-cultural work of the federal govern ment has now attained a magnitude that can not readily be comprehended, and is increas ing at an exceedingly rapid rate. Especially marked has been the increase in the hatchery product during the past ten years, owing in part to the extension of operations at existing stations, and in part to greater efficiency of methods and appliances. The work during the fiscal year 1909 reached larger proportions than ever before, over three billion fish being pro duced and planted. While the bureau does not lay undue stress on mere numbers and ccasiders the vitality of the fish and the conditions unfjrr which they are planted as of paramount importance, the foregoing figures are certainly very suggestive and as a further statement of the magnitude of the fish-cultural work, it may be of Interest MM Ipf SrttJO,? Or A JHAD HATCff&tY to record that the aggregate output of the hatcheries from 1872 to 1909 was about 28 bil lion, of which over 13 billion represents the work of the past eIx years. In making his original plans for the sys tematic investigation of the waters of the Uni ted States and the biological and physical problems they present, Commissioner Baird in sisted that to study only the food-fishes would be of little importance, and that useful conclu sions must needs rest upon a bread foundation of investigations purely scientific in character. The life history of species of economic value should be understood from beginning to end. but no less requisite is It to know the histories of the animals and plants upon which they feed . or upon which their fed is nourished; the his tory of their enemies and friends and the friends and foes of their enemies and friends, as well as the currents, temperatures, and other physical phenomena of the waters in relation to migration, reproduction and growth. In pursuance of this policy the bureau has seeurcd the services of many prominent men of science, and much of the progress in the arti ficial propagation of fishes, in the investigation of fishery problems, and in the extension of knowledge of our aquatic resources has been due men eminent as zoologists who have been associated with the work temporarily. Their services have been the services of specialists for particular problems, and through them the bureau has not only been able to give to the public the practical results of applied science, but has contributed to pure science valuable knowledge of all forms of aquatic life. The importance to the fishing interests of the work of the bureau in connection with the economic fisheries is widely appreciated and freely acknowledged. The statistical inquiries of the bureau afford the enly adequate basis for determining the condition and trend of the fisheries and the results cf legislation, protec tion, and cultivation. Among the numerous special matters in which the bureau haa bene fited the fisheries the following maybe men tioned: . By bringing to the attention nf American . fishermen new methods and new apparatus, new fisheries have sometimes been established and new fields exploited. Dy the introduction of cod gill nets the win ter cod fishery of New England was revolu tionized. In a single season shortly after the use of such nets began s few Cape Ann (Gloucester) fishermen took by this means over 8,000,000 pounds of large-sized fish.'and as much as $50,000 ha3 sometimes been saved annually in the single item of bait. By the dissemination of information regard ing new fishing grounds important fisheries have been Inaugurated. Thus when the abun dance of halibut off the coast of Iceland was made known by the bureau, a fishery was be gun which yielded from 570,000 to $100,000 an nually to the New England fishermen. Owing to the appalling mortality among the crews of the New England fishing vessels, caused in large part by the foundering of ves sels at sea, the bureau many years ago under took the introduction into the offshore fisheries of a type of craft which would combine large carrying capacity and great sped with en hanced safety. By correspondence, discussion in the daily press, personal interviews, ex hibtion of models and finally by the actual con struction of a full-sized schooner (the Gram pus), with the requisite qualities, the bureau was enabled to inaugurate a momentous change in tho architecture of fishing vessels; so that for a long time the New England schooners have been constructed on the new lines, with a consequent minimizing of disasters and a de cided increase in efficiency. - In other fisheries and regions the bureau has likewise advocated improved types of ves sels and boats especially adapted to local con ditions, and has published plans and specifica tions embodying the results of studies cf the fishing flotilla of the world. The results of the bureau's efforts in thi3 line in saving life and property, in increasing the usefulness cf the vessels, and in improving the quality of the catch as landed, cannot be estimated, but the beneficial effects may be partly appreciated when it is stated that during the ten years ending in 1S3, when the old types of vessels were In use, there were lost by foundering from the port of Gloucester alone, 82 vessels, valued at more than $400,000, with their crews cf 95 men, while during the ten years ending in 1907, the losses from this cause aggregated only a fourth as many ves sels and men Bowery Denizen Seemingly Had Right to Be Indignant at Old Friend's Attitude, "Ycu remember dat guy, J!m Durke?" asked an irate Bowery deni zen. "He's dat stiff dafs doin' timo up der river Sing Sing boiglary ten years. Well, you know all I ckmo fer dat stiff. When he was ptnehed didn't I put up der coin for der law yers? tMdnt I pay der witnesses? Sure I did. Do oder day I finks I'll Jdst go an' see dat mutt just t' leave him know his frlen's ain't tied de can on 1m. So I drives out to d' jail and goes into d' warden's office and ho saj'B I gotter send me card in. Me card! D'ye get dat? Well, anyway, I wrftee my name on a piece o' paper an a guy takes It Into Jim Burke, an' what 6T you fink dat stiff tells dat guy to tell me?" "I've no idea," Bald the listener. "He tails him," concluded the angry one, "f toll me dat he ain't in!" From Success Magazine. How Lightning Splits Troes. Lightning makes trees explode, like overcharged boilers. The Game of the lightning does not burn them up, nor does the eifectrk; flash split them like an "ax. The bolt flows through into all the damp interstices of tne trunk and Into the hollows undv its bark. All the moisture at once is turned Into Eteam, which by Its Immediate explo sion rip open tie tree. For centuries this simple theory puzzled scientists, but they have got it right at last. 9 Not tc Cvcrdo It. Lily I'ee gwine to a s'prise party tonight, Miss Sally. Mass Sally What will you take for a present? Lily Well, we didn' eal'late oa takin' no present Yo see, we don't wan' to s'prise 'em too much. Evidences -of Wealth. "I wish we had a piano; I'd like to impress those people." "Show 'cm the piece of beef ycu've got in the refrigerator." TO DRIVE OCT HAtiARTA A UL ILO L I" TtlE SYSTEM: Take tho Old btandurd UKUVK'S 'rAnTUl.to CHILI. TONIC You kuow irhnt you ar n;king. The formula Is plainly priniert on every liotio. showing it Is siraplv Ouinlne and Iron in a last? loss form. Tlio Dull Ine driv9 out the uiaLaria. and tne Iron builds ..p the system, bold by all (leakers fur oil years. Price 0 cents. Get a Move On. The Loafer Alas! my ship doesn't come In. The Real Man Then get a move on and help some other fellow unload his. 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The Roanoke Beacon and Washington County News (Plymouth, N.C.)
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Sept. 2, 1910, edition 1
2
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