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Sanitation , And Cleanliness
In Care Of Privies
Are Needed
BURY KITCHEN WASTE
Drainage Systems In Homes
' Should Not Empty Into
Cess Pools
(By Elmo G. Harris)
I PART XII .
JWe will give attention first to the
. conditions of a country home that has
no sewage system. This of course
covers the vast majority of , isolated
homes.
Here we are to give a sermon on
the virtues of dry earth. In this
we must discuss unpleasant things
Let us look the problem squarely in
the face; recognize it as it is, resolve
to break away from precedent, to be
consistent, and to do our plain duty,
The first great problem of sanita
tion and cleanliness with the human
is to get rid of his own filth, pri
marily 'as a safeguard to health and
for other more apparent reasons. That
it is so often neglected is one o
the most glaring inconsistencies o
the race. Who would tolerate a neg
lected privy in the front yard? No
one. Why? Only because they arc
offensive to the sight. The danger
is just as great from such a thing
in the back yard, tho perhaps some
what concealed, and the members o
the household must see and smell it
wherever it is. It is the welfare o:
the family we are considering, not
the esthetic taste of visitors. As in
so many other problems relating to
preservation of health we can, if we
safeguard health, gain many other
desirable conditions at the same time
To those who would consistently
take precautions for the health and
comfort of the family we would say,
keep the back yard as clean as you
do your-front yard. (Cleanness does
not mean beauty). It is there that
flies and mosquitoes are apt to breed
and from there they enter the house
, . Neglect of Privies
As to what to do about the privy
the answer is easy and the labor
necessary is less than in many of the
multitude of things ' that must be
done daily about the home, yet thru
false pride or an aversion of the mas
ter to mention these disagreeable
things it is neglected.
Build the privy with the back in
the garden. Provide a hard floor
(cement is best) on which a shovel
will easily slide. Use a quart of dry
earth with every visit.
Clean out once a week or oftener
and bury in the garden. Follow these
simple directions and one of the dis
agreeable things about the country
home will be no more.
Too much is not likely to be said
of the virtue of dry earth for conceal
ing and suppressing the evils of any
kind of filth. It Suppresses the odor,
does away with the unsightliness,
dries out the matter so that it Can
be shoveled without offense and re
tains the fertilizing matter.
A few barrels, or boxes of dirt
shoveled up in the garden in October
will last an ordinary family thru the
winter. In summer it should perhaps
be used more freely but can be
wheeled in . as desired.
While on this subject it is proper
to call attention to the fact that in
the method of treatment just describ
ed lies the solution of the chief prob
lem of sanitation for towns and vil
lages that have no water supply and
sewerage system. The one need (us
ually lacking) is public knowledge of
the effectiveness of the system and
someone vested with authority to
make . every , household attend to it.
Of course " it can be modified by
carting away the earthy matter and
depositing on fields where its fer
tilizing value will repay for hauling.
Kitchen Waste
In summer there will be an ex
cess of 'waste matter from the kitch
en that will not be consumed by
chickens or stock, such as melon
rinds, pealings,' feathers, etc. This
should be systematically buried. For
this purpose it is convenient to start
a trench say a foot wide and a foot
deep. Then use the earth excavated
in extending the trench to bury the
refuse thrown in the open trench to
the. rear.
There is no longer room for doubt
that decaying matter, both animal
and vegetable, is a menace to the
health of both man and beast'
The effect of dry earth in suppress
ing the evils of filth is more active,
interesting and important than is gen
erally supposed. In all natural earth
there are myriads of bacteria, not
poisonous but beneficial. As nature
has provided, it is the duty of these
i.'ilbUil VU Ulli l Md.
bacteria to attack decaying matter
and quickly reduce it to a harmless
state. It is further apparent thut
earth has some power of absorbing
odors. The exact nature of these
processes are not fully known, but we
suspect that this bacterial life has
more to do with this and with the
fertilization of soil and the growth
of plants than has been, found out.
The most beneficial bacteria do not
work in water logged soils. Hence
the advantage of dry earth that will
absorb liquid without becoming sat
urated. Such a quantity should be
used that the mass will not become
saturated. A saturated solution of
copper-sulphate (Blue stone) sprinkled
in a privy once a day will keep down
the odor and sterilize all the mass.
Lime intensifies the odor. ,
Drainage About the Home
After the statements in the pre
ceding paragraph we, are prepared to
make the further statement that the
home premises will not be healthy
unless so well drained that the soil
cannot remain saturated for any con
siderable time.
In building a new house with a
full basement (and every farm house
should have a full basement) a drain
must be provided. No basement
should be built that cannot ' be so
drained. If the country is flat, put
the ground floor near the surface.? It
is not impossible to keep dampness
out of a basement without drains but
it is so expensive as to be prohibi
tive for most farmers.
In case of old damp cellars the
best that can- be done is to lay a
drain round on the inside and con
nect with a drain leading away to
some low point, then concrete the
floor and walls.
Sewage Disposal
Disposal of sewage is one of the
great , problems of the day for cities
that have no great river, flowing by
into which the sewage can flow
without perceptibly affecting its pur-
;t Th, nrnhlpm i, not so serious
unmf npvirt1ip1PQQ it U
etAiA anrl
.1.- ... :a au
otherwise the water supply may be
i.. o n;tarV mnvP
"' .VV V-." J.
First let us condemn forever and
unqualifiedly the cesspool. Could
onti,;nr ho mnro inmncistent with
the laws of decency and health than
to dump into an open, pit in the back
vard. all the worst and most daneer-
j - - - i
filth nf a human habitation ?
onous liquid matter soak away into
the eround: and that probably with-
in fiftv tt nf tnP rUtern 'or wP11
a,.- . ;i,Ke
j -
.... ...,.. ... ..
we denDerateiy Diina ourselves to tne
indecency and danger simply because
the stuff is out of sight? In cities
hpltn -offirPM fnrhiH it Tn tho
health officer
o .. - , .
i ' eT t
Tox a superficial observer a septic
tank may seem closely related to a sewing T'oom the chiffonier is in-cess-pool.
Then let us draw the va1llaW(, ami ' no housewife needs a
rrs . I
outlet, so the water must soak into
the ground alter remaining in tne
putrifying mass indefinitely. .Aseptic
tank is made water tight except the
inlet and outlet pipes. The water
contrast, io a cess-pooi mere is nou. , t wliat jt may contain there
remains in the tank not more thanLi00t ,ccrrntinn5 limine the fam-
twelve hours, during w hich time most
of its harmtul properties are destroy-
d by living organisms, ' and all
changable matter is changed to hq-
i A frrm li on f Vin limiirl rnQftr nice, i .
es out to some stream or to be
snread over the surface of some field
where it will be quite harmless and
in cmtinr thru tne Qnrfare snil the
soil bacteria render it entirely harm
less. , '
The whole action of a septic tank render liquid most of the solid mat
is dependent on the . work . of bac- ter there will be no need to clean out
teria. The conditions are such as tne tank oftener than once a year
is known to favor the, activity of
certain kinds that attack the filth and
to a great extent decompose it, in
less than twelve hours. One notice-
able result is that the worst part of
the solid matter is changed to liquid
form, so that when it flows away
there is nothing unsightly about it,
and it can be completely disposed of
by' filtration or "irrigation in' a gar-
den or field.
Knowing the theory of the action in
the tank we at once see that it should
be so made that the matter will pass
slowly thru: all remaining in as near-
ly as possible the same length of
time. A dry-goods box can be modi-
fied to make the interior mould and
the outside and bottom can. be mould-
ed against the earth. A good quality
of concrete should be used, but no
time nor expense need be given to
making it smooth. It is not to be a J
clean thing. M
When in proper operation there
will be thick scum over the top of
the liquid. This scum is the work
PRAISE FOR OTHERS
A real test of character is the way
one receives, from the man she loves
praise for . another woman. Most
women cannot stand for it. To them
every other woman is "all right, but
..." Is this catty trait due to jealousy,
or a desire to hear one's self the
object of discussion and praise, or
a suspicion that the man is talking
thusly merely to . impress you with
his popularity with others of your
sex? '' '.i-iRvr!!-':.:' !-?K'i
The fair thing and the noble thing
is to like other women and girls, to
have a real sex loyalty and to ac
quiesce when praises are sung o:
your sisters. One does not need to
be over enthusiastic; but to always
see some fault to counteract the
praise is petty, or worse. Women
are not the only offenders in this
sense. If women are cats, the male
sex are frequently curs. No more
than women do they relish having
the woman of their heart rave about
the virtues of a possible rival
CHIFFONIERS '
Very often the household furniture
will increase in quantity and we find
ourselves with a chiffonier or two
which we no longer need in a bed
room. Such an article may prove very
tisetui in any pari or ine nuusc. i
the kitchen, it may ho d extra hand-
kercniets, aprons, wont giuvcs, u...
or hand towels, paper sacks, string,
waxed paper or any sucn accessories
In the dining room it may be filled
with table linen and silver
In the laundry a chiffonier may
be the repository for soap, soap
powders, clothespins starch, blueing
and all sorts of laundry supplies, or
, 1
even tne .ou ami . uw.hu
needed Dy .tne nousenom
In the hallway, it is the place in
which to keep gloves, the last clean
hankie, face powder purse note book
and pencil, scan, lur nep.c
.4 r , ii i
even tne son, conapsiuic i.ai
The chiffonier may serve as
medicine cabinet in the up-stairs hall.
in it one may ....u B u,
hot water bottle, electric pad, sy-
. ii i- j. f Kf
nnce. ana an kihus ui icuh.u.c w.
Utoo ,.,v,;li An nnt snill. or orooerlv
l,ca - . -
bolstered up in boxes so that they
win. not upsei. .
In the bathroom, the chiffonier
holds the clean towels and wash
cloths, soap, toilet supplies and even
I 4 T : 1 A 1- n
the clean underwear, wnicn iuc men
bers of the family may get without
. tn thpir own rooms. jn the
T!)e chiffonier may take the plate
of the inen upplY closet, holding the
r1.n- . zuPots. n0w slips'-'and bed
sprea(S- jn the living room, the
rt,:ffnn:"pr mav be the center of
i nil a.niu (iji'V'v,ii,ivii.'i m
mv , nhntne-raohs. picture post cards
amj souvenirs of trips.
SANDWICH FILLINGS
Almost anyxnuiK yuu w
is good as a sandwich filling. Even
baked beans will surprise you with
their deStraDUlty
Cucumbers or pick-
of the bacteria. Since the bacteria
nr nnrf ;n autumn and again in
spring. In cleaning, the scum must
be removed but a shovel full should
be thrown back after all other solid
matter has been dipped out. This is
0 replant the tank with bacteria
which dwell in the scum in millions,
The pipes leading to the tank
should be four inch vitrified sewer
pipe thoroughly cemented at the
joints and laid straight from where
it passes out of the basement. With
in the house and thru the basement
wall the sewer pipe should be cast
iron with leaded joints, (This part
is the plumber's work),
The pipe leading awav from the
septic tank may be ordinary drain
pipe. The final disposition of the
liquid discharge depends on circum-
stances. If. a flowing stream is in
reach it may run into that, but a
much better and safer plan is to let
it run onto a cultivated field (sandy
soil is best). It thus has some fer-
tilizing value and in summer may be
used in irrigating a small areai
.i-LUL, 1 UUii
7or the
Jlcrcnce Riddick Bays
COPYKiatll
les are excellent ingredients of sand
wich filling, as their cool crispness
and tartness' seem to add the neces
sary piquancy.
To' chopped cold meat, tongue for
example, add chopped cucumber, a
slice of chopped onion and a minced
pimento. Mix to a paste with may
onnaise dressing. Add chopped cu
cumbers to cottage cheese, season with
paprika, if you wish. All sorts o
jams are good in sandwiches. Olive?
combine well; cheese is an old stand
bk Hardboiled eggs are nourishing
andV delicious, if given the tang of
some tart sauce. Shredded fish,
meats, and chicken rarely fail to
please, and ham is always acceptable
Nuts and lettuce and any salad may
be used as sandwich fillings. For hot
sandwiches either toast your prepared
sandwich in the oven or fry it in a
buttered frypan, toasting first one
side and then the other and heating
the filling; or combine the filing
with hot white sauce. 1
CHILD FOOD HABITS
4
A liking or dislike for certain foods
is largely a matter of habit. This
emphasizes the importance of begin
ning early to cultivate the proper
tood habits in children. This is
best done by serving the proper foods
to them from earliest infancy the
proper cereals, egg, milk, . orange
juice, carrots and greens 'put through
a sieve.
To talk about how "good for you"
prcjuuices one against it. it is wis
est to make no comment but to ex
pect the child to eat what is set be
fore him, ,and to permit no piecing
between regular feedings, to spoil
the appetite.
To make a child like a food, adults
should set a god . example by eating
it. The food should be well cooked
and! attractively served. The table
should be set artistically and pretty
dishes used, and servings should be
small. The happiness of the meal
time hour helps.
HOUSE HARDWARE
Of recent years, more attention has
been paid to excellent and artistic
hardware for the home. Many an
tique designs have been revived,
among which are wrought iron hinges,
patterned after those used in colon
ial houses or in medieval Spain. They
resemble the hand forged and antique
brass work. The new ones are made
of durable bronze and rustless iron.
Some antique lovers are removing
the doorknobs and hinges of their
lomes and putting in their place the
thumb latches and strap hinges of
olden days; 'but they are made more
efficient and artistic with modern im
provements and will almost "last for:
ever." A knocker on suchi a door
completes the period style. Visit the
hardware department of some up-to-
date store and see what attractive
novelties arc in the market for you
RICE
An inexpensive, nutritious and pal
atable food is rice. It is often spoil
ed by being cooked too long and not
being salted enough. The salt should
be put into the water before the
rice is added, a teaspoon of salt to
a cup of rice. It is cooked when the
kernels can be crushed easily.
Rice may be combined with more
nutritious and strongly favored foods,
as with cheese, meat sV or eggs. It
may be used as the base of an escal
lop or cold, with vegetables, fruits
or meats in a salad. Rice pudding
with milk and raisins or cocoanut is1
delicious. Spanish rice, with tomatoes
is a popular dish.
CURTAIN RODS
tor casement ' Windows, or other
summer windows in which the dainty
Curtains will interfere with the free
dom of the winds or be spoiled by
blowing against the screen, there ' is
the new invention of the curtain rod
on hinges. It may be swung back
from the window, as a door is swung
open, carrying the curtains to a place
of safety, well back against the wall.
why is cake Heavy?
A cake may be heavy because the
batter was not beaten sufficiently.
It should be well beaten after each
addition ;. of ; flour and milk. There
may have been too much shortening
used, or too much sugar or too
Kimu uii i Mil lij
ET LEGUFJES
Hay Should Be Cut When
Pods Are Well
Grown
CROPS EASY TO GROW
Growth Good On Variety
Of Soils, Under Vary
ing Conditions
(By F. S. Sloan, County Agent)
To lower the cost of production and
make the dairying, beef, and sheep
industry in Macon county more prof
itable we need more legume hay for
TOG
winter feed. By feeding good legume
hay the amount of protein to be sup-
plied -by cottonseed meal or some
other feed high in protein content
will be reduced. If every livestock
farmer in Macon county produced
enough legumes to winter his stock
the money expended for concentrated
feeds would be considerable less than
in the past years. , '
For a milk cow the roughage re
quirements are two tons per animal
or one acre of soybeans. For ma
ture beef animal the requirements are
one and one-half tons per year ani
for sheep four hundred pounds of
good hay. Very few animals of eith
er class in Macon county get the re
quirements, or full feeding during the
winter months and for this reason arc
not as profitable as they should be
because of the low production, and
slow gains. I'sP '
Soybeans For Legumt
Soybeans are one of our best legume
hay crops for Macon county, and arc
comparatively easy to grow. They
will make a good growth on a wide
variety of soils and under varying sea
sonal conditions. However, it will do
best on well drained soils of fair
fertility. Cowpeas and velvet beans
are better adapted to very poor soils.
the time of seeding in this section
is usually from May 10 to June 20
and type of seeding for hay is to
either drill solid or plant in two
and one-half , foot rows. The yields,
are4 often better when planted in row"
and cultivated two or three times.
especially where grass and weeds are
bad.. If ,they are t6 be grown on land
for the first time, it is eenerallv ad
visable to inoculate by either using
soil from a field which has previously
grown soybeans or to use commer
cial cultures. If the soil is to be used
dampen the seeds with a mixture of
one-half syrup and one-half water.
Finely screened soil is then sprinkled
over the beans and they are stirred
with a shovel until they are well
coated with the soil. They may be
planted while damp or allowed to
dry in. a shady place.
When" to Cut Hay
Soybean hay should be cut when
the pods are grown and about half
filled out. If cut at an earlier stare
of maturity, the protein content will
be higher but the yield will be less
and the hay harder to cure. Hav
cut after the seed are fully grown
usually contains a large per cent of '
wood stems and the loss from thi.
leaves shattering is usually greater .
than the gain from the matured seed
because they will shatter badly when
dry and in handling.
The varieties that seem to do best
in this county are Virginia brown,
Laredo, and Mammoth yellow, al
though other varieties are good and
are favored by several of the farm
ers. '
Each farmer should try" to sow
enough to winter his livestock this
next winter and lower the feed costs
as well as to improve his land by
growing a good legume.
much liquid; or the oven niay have
been too hot or too slow. One
should be sure to use a reliable rec
ipe and measure accurately.
HOMES
"Homes are the greatest asset a
nation can have. No matter how
rich a nation may be in natural re
sources, agricultual pursuits, factoriei
and industries, unless it is also rich
in simple homes of the cities, villages
and countrysides, it is a weak na
tion." Mary Sherman.
WHEN REDUCING
If you wish to cut down vour
weight, lessen the amount of bread,
cereals, sweets and fats which you
eat, but do not cut out the foods
you need to keep up vour health.
These are the vitamins and mineral
salts to be found in fruits, vege
tables, cheese, milk and eggs. If
you need extra vitamins, take cod
liver oil.
t -
A ' .: I
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