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I- By Russell I CORN A IJERICAN farming combines ZA those basic practice which r x spread through Europe from the Mediterranean country with certain elements of a native technique,' developed In antiquity on this continent by the Indians. ' Eminent among American Indian farmers were those of the, eastern ; seaboard. The five tribes of the Iro quois, especially j they never learned to . harden Iron ; the only animals they ever domesticated, were dogs; yet the Imprint of their agricultural practices Is upon even the most me chanized and ; complex or our American farms today. They were Indians who farmed more than they hunted. Their great crop was corn not the, corn of me Bible, which means any one of the small grains indiscriminately, but maize, the giant (crass of the prai ries, the grain- that gives a special : savor, oartlcularly. . to . all that corn belt f These Iroquois place-names which chime beside the Greek In the Finger Lake region of upper New york Cayuga at Ithaca. Syracuse, Onondaga, 'Homer, Canandalgna -.commemorate a people whose spirit ' was altogether : native and pagan. Their tribal culture grew- as nat urally as a tree. Not only their sustenance, but their poetry, their oratory, their statecraft and their worship took root In the unalter able realities of the soil and the four seasons. Tbe B.5O0 surviving Iroquois penned upon five' scattered reservations In upstate New York hold out against the . white man's Presbyterian, Methodist and Baptist missionaries, and face the sun as pagans still. - by legends which accord with the known facts of geology and of the theoretical history of races, ' the Iroquois trace back, as do all Amer ican Indians, to a wandering tribe -supposed to have come afoot from Asia to America, back In the early ; dawn Stone age, H-.VV' -:'' , No man can say bow many thou sands of years ago they came. But when tbe first white adventurers penetrated northern 'America they found the. then. Five Nations of tbe Iroquois united Into s. confed eracy which was in effect a league to enforce peace, (These nations : were the Mohawks, the Qneldas, the Onondagas. the Oarngas and 'the Senecas. The Tuscaroras, or Birth Nation, was not admitted on Ui 1714.) -"t: ri' v The Five Nations embraced wom en's suffrage. - "Iroquois women," " writes Erl Bates of Cornell onl- erslty, v"were voting as early as 1550 and the young bucks and ' un married . men bad to grow corn, beans and squash to feed tbe wid ows and orphans during the winter. Applied socialism when,'.' serfdom was the lot or Buiwer,;'.--;:.r'W?: -v;y :' Later, -' only ? the women voted. - They could depose chief at a day's notice. What Aristophanes In bis : Lyslstrata relates as satire, tbe Iro quois matrons established in fact During the years prior to Iroquois Golden age. .which ran from shout 3570 to 1770, the men of' the Na tion bad made as men often do In sn agricultural, society, . the help problem being whst It- Is certain placatlons to s female's way of looking at things. But It was not until after 1600 that they submit ted completely as a sex to enlight enment .and progress. - Will- Hoag, president of the Sene ca Republic was a tan man, slight ly stooped, timid and proud. Like mmt C MH'ca Indians, he was not y-ry (Ink. He wore the plain c'i'tlics of a plain white farmer, I t t sU-t v ' !."iit a collar or nock rd ttnctlon. Hla face - was Ipng and seamed with each feature 'gauntly yet thinly molded, and there was about his whole person an almost LIncolnlan suggestion of gentleness' and strength. AS he stood up to tame my nana amia an -toe oaroer shop elegance of Salamanca' most thoroughly modern hotel lobby, he stood out ' i ; ' i , ( " This was in 1927. He was sixty six years old. He drove a big car diffidently . tn the manner of one who learns to drive late In life; and hesitantly as he drove he kept up his end f the talk. .. ' It was true, 'be said, as I had eard: The white people of Sala manca, New tork, paid taxes to his people, the Senecas. "This railhead and small city Is, in a sense, not In the United States at all, but on laad ' ceded by treaty to another nation, his own. . The form of ar rangement was at that time, s nine- ty-nlne-year ; lease, . the rental di vided' on a tax1 basis among tbe some 10.000 white Inhabitants of tbe town. , - It did. not come, he said, to a very big tax; not, at least, what the white man would call big. . Maybe five dollars a year for the ordinary householder; around 1150 a year for the largest business houses. And two dollars for a bunting license, good half a mile back from either bank of tne Allegheny river for some, 12 miles down-Mbose, he said, were' the. Umits.of this 30,000-acre reservation. ' 1 A The - Allegheny reservation; ws were pward the middle of It now, passing along a narrow ' dirt road betweeii ; small neat farms, their houses and their yards wen kept their fields rising smoothly from tbe river banks. It was early Jnne; the spring bad been late; the days previous . had been , days of ' cold, driving . rasv But the " sun " was out now;: It 'was warm; and every thing for miles around was grow ing and shining. Things look good," said Will Hoag. "It Is fine land down, here, by the water, He spoke now with greater animation, and permitted himself , a slight,' encir cling gesture, one that did not take the hand more than three Inches from the steering wheel. - . "it Is good here In tbe spring. This Is our small country. We are free. A nation, within a nation, separate. ' , . "The Six Nations of the Iroquois, of whom my people, the Senecas, snake halt still hold about three times as much land as yon see here. We hold this 'land by treaty with George Washington. It was called the Treaty , of Peace and Friend ship. The year of it was 1TB5. It gave us the right to have our own government and to take taxes from the white men who come to Uve Bere';.;-?:?:(jr-tv:: He pointed jnt different places slonf the way: "There people raise vegetables and sell tbem In Sala manca. Tbey do. well. . , . This man follows the old Ideas of farm ing, tbe Indian, way.v He has better early vegetables, so they say, than anybody else. He plants many herbs, too, that he cannot sell to the white people: they are used among our own people as medicine, , . ... '-4-.-; : ,; J "That house1 also (It was fairly modern and well kept with a large v garden), it belongs ' to an Indian who follows the old religion. About half of our people still do. ."They know some things, the peo pie who do things the old way, that your college of. agriculture cannot explain. The men who, come here from the college at Ithaca have told me that in some ways the old In dian corn beats the white man's va rieties', and that Indian tobacco Is In ; some ways best It is for one thing, .less HUely to take dis eane. . "Hut I think f'n't - f'l - r c-:.r.,.t h r. ; i o - ..!, i i. -f 1: J Mil t ,t ? Id tie i y J gave out, s and their ?. They did t live stock. ; that my , that there . ms to go J from wi to 1 I' ' f 1 t ! : . t tit y i f t a furn-s t y 1 ve now, and ; t ia rlcii. .; ' : "I had to lenrn that myself. I early potatoes and my crops i t f ' tting less. Then I got some f , tLen more. I am through now, my son bas the place, ! t t rore I stopped I had thirty cows and sold, -my milk from a wagon in Salamanca. It paid very well. : The farm Is as good now as It ever was. We will go there," After s while, we rounded a turn, and came upon a board shanty, de serted, with a ' flaring Advertise ment for chewing .tobacco on Its fence.''-,-. ;;;-":.;:?!' ''v-rrr'f'Z''!:' That Is bow my people lived twenty years ago. I was bora In the kind of tioAie that Came even before,-.a log cabin. I was born. In. 1861. - "When I was born there were nine hundred of Us on this reser vation. There are a little more than that now. - W moved ov Into the valley and took up farming. Later, I bought out my -brothers and sis ters. After a while, I was able to build one of tbe first modern frame houses op the reservation. , i "TJMs la the place:'.ft:?;;f-;-f'? We drove: In t and saw ; Arthur, WtU'a son, a graduate, as Is his wife, of Alfred University," .They are Readers of the tribes' temper-1 ance society sod have little ..to say to white "men, ; ThW t 'wy busy time(tn farming,", murmured Will. We saw his grandchildren, and took them with us to the White House, I their grandfather's small new bun galow -There we left them fishing ; with ,bent pins for carp in a newly made presidential , fish pond. -The farmer - we visited 'next, 8.' A, Crouse, was a sort of secretary of the Interior to the head of the Beptibllc. He lacked. It seemed to me, only the proper robes over , his stained overalls to make of him the perfect Chinese mandarin. ' He and the president pot their feet on the hub of an old wheel and con ferred. Treaty matters of , moment were : before congress. 'They ar ranged to- run down to Washington In will's eaJvifA-j-i;;:--'C At Tunassa, - the Quaker mission school v where Will Hoag learned English, we had lunch. Tunassa Is Iroquois for Stream of. the 8hinlng Pebbles. Tbe school has been thers since 1816. It Is a boarding school For more than a hundred years II bas. glven fifty 'or so Iroquois boys and girls the equivalent of a ten jrear grade and high school educa tion. "They, do not try to make ns Quakers," Will Hoag told me, "they only try to make ns good. I became a Presbyterian, but t will never forget i (he ' kindness of these Friends." ''',' We went back to the bungalow, and he showed me his collection of Iroquois relics stone' Implements, bark baskets for the 'hsrvest; the wooden mortar-and-pestle that was used, as flour1 mill. : He showed me how they pounded their corn, to meaL then sifted It through three differently sieved baskets, each one of a Oner mesh. - He showed me belts of wampum,4 fingering which. Red Jacket Com Planer, Logan and other great Seneca chiefs were better able to remember their ora tions. And tom-toms for dancing, and turtle shell "rattles commemc rating the prowess of their sacred anlmaL which, say , the Iroquois, pushed America up from the bottom of the sea. Be showed me also cups and cooking utensils, death masks, ceremonial pipes ' and' headdresses, pottery papoose ' hoards, maize masks and hides tanned .with the brains of deer. . . . I asked about the present const! stituHon of tbe Six Nations. Each, he said. Is somewhat differently gov erned. Some have chiefs, some call them presidents,' some maintain the title Hiawatha, the legendary Iro quois designation for a chief. Each tribe & tn effect a federated repub lic, sending representatives to a council of eighteen. "I was first made president Of the Senecas when I was forty-five years old. Our laws will not allow a president to suc ceed himself, but I have been elect ed every third two years ever since. "Our six nations send twelve students each year to the' winter course' In agriculture at Cornell That Is the greatest thing for tbe good of our people to have been started In my time,' Some people are too impatient to farm, but for most of us farming Is best "In our . councils, the Bears or farm clan, always, sat first - Farm ing was a part of our religion. Our fathers said that the white man was the '.most ungrateful, man In tbe world ; be had ; only one Thanksgiv ing day. They had twelve, follow ing tbe moons, the feasts of the 'strawberries, the feast of the green corn, and so on, through the year, . ; '.'We do not all of as go to1 the Long House now to church. But we all keep a part of the old re ligion. We do not want factories and cities. Cor heart is In the soil. Tbe pi'-'Tei t';nt we want, we want it to ! ? u f ." A I ' ' T I f- V I o Sl :nd, ai. Xarf ropriation for r: -y cr 1 Nivy L 1 in Time of Tc ..j CI. . 1 Cctc - sional Consideration. ' By 1 1 AM C UTLEY IATION of approxl ; 1350,000.000 for mil panslon on land, on i and in the air Is A' 1'1 n I. t going t:.i Hon In c peace-time i i the mill of legisla- is.Mt Is the largest ropriation-of its kind j by the United States, ever attei Officials In Washington have taken particular mlns to emphasise the fact that ail of the proposed addi tions are' eu-iqtly of a defensive na ture. .'"'.'.'','"' " Included in the program are large additions to and replacements for army fighting equipment naval re placements and auxiliaries, and .what Is regarded as most Important of all, at U . t, by. the Japanese and other Orientals the projection ; of America's western , frontier ; 2,000 miles out Into the Pacific ocean. "The world's largest air fcase," as the Japanese press bas been pleased to phrase it would consist of a chain of air bases stretching In a gigantic, sweeping curve from Alaska- through the Hawaiian Islands to the Panama Canal f Zone, T: 'This would, In military affect, make the Pacific coast the secondary western line of defense and would .create of the northeastern Pacific a great "In land, sea." The plans have been in the. making for more than a year and , are cluimed by officials to have bo relation whatever to Japan's, re cent abrogation of the naval treaty; i. Key to the whole project will be an $11,000,000 air base at Hawaii, supplemented by a large naval base. The entire new frontier . will of Canter, Giant Guns of the U. 8. S. Indianapolis. Left, 12-lnck Railway- Mortar. RIBht, Qen. Douglas MacArthur. course require considerable added man power and equipment, to op erate. ',- .,'. . i The army's share 'of the appro priation would be $405,000,000, at proposed" by Gen. Douglas MacAr thur, chief of staff, ' The budget of the navy wotrtd be .'increased to $528,871,847, exclusive of the $278, 000,000 j the PWA allotted '.to It for dew : warsnlps. ; Tne - miier auiuuui , fa still largely unusedV ; ,,. . V W waa Merchant Marine. Besides this, president" Roosevelt has conceived a huge subsidization of the United States merchant ma rine which would permit modern Iza Hon and, strengthening of ships along basic plans of the navy. .This would make It possible for the ships to offer amaxlmum amount of use fulness as, auxiliary nayal equips meht In, time of war.' His plan- also Includes gradual replacement of 106 auxiliary naval vessejs, with conr structlon of 80 vessels during the next two years at a cost, of about $150,000,000. : . . , , " The present personnel of the army Includes approximately 118, 750 mea . The expansion program would Increase this by at least one third, and wou: 1 piM 2,320 planes to the air service; President Roosevelt would be glvea the power of aug menting the personnel, with a limit of 165,000. : Tlie army's budget would be lncreiiwd by 5 ,3,000,000; the budget on!y a short ti ne ago was stepped v: r- re t'.nn $;3,"ti0, 000. The eT. " requires an amount about 1 tiie average 'appropriation t ft War depart ment for nr.!!' " i : " -i- ' -In.Uc:.:-. a t of meet- ' , f r ... r 't- . Newand Improved munitions sun piles and purchase of -reserves, $43, 000,000; air corps expansion, as rec ommended by the-, report of the Baker board last year, $00,000,000; antl-nlrcraft equipment, $35,000,000; coast, defenses; $23,000,000; mechan ization of army units, $16,000,000, and procurement of new typea de veloped since the World war, $18,-! 000,000. , . - . - J. ' .. . Housing the army would take' a generous slice of the total; air corps construction,. 1 $44,600,000; army quarters and barracks, $80, 100,000; National Guard camps, $6, 400,000, and automotive equipment, $22,189,000. t:-;W'N t'Kti H' ; According to General MacArthur, army eqalpment ls In4 a deplorable state. TJieV(bt)ys are. stlU drilling with 1903 Springfield rifles, he says. He urged that 175 pursuit 200 bombing, 149 observation, 100 train ing and 65 cargo planes, be secured for defensive -purposes,' and asked that $10,000,000 -be set aside for modern arms and mechanism. ;', - , Mechanised Equipment " This amount would equip only one regiment with medium weight tanks, one with light tanks, a mechanised brigade of cavalry, a battery of field artillery, seven troops with armored cars, and seven Infantry companies with light tanksThls fdrce would require the Acquisition of 283 light weight tanks, 162 medium tanks, 48 armored cars, 44 combat cars, 83 scout cars abd 76 half-track trucks. All these would be armed, with .30 and .50 caliber machine guns. j Increases In the National Guard personnel from 190,000 to 210,000 would require $2,500,000 and an aa - ditlonal $854,000 a year for main tenance, v Pay; ' clothing and tbe necessities of life for additional offi cers and 'men would take $25,000,- O0O.r-,-V;r:::VA Not Included In this outlay is $600,000,000 which will go to the COO -for. the next -year, the admin-J Istratlon persisting In Its declara tion that the -camps are In no way military ventures. Asked If It would not be more advisable to double the standing army than to double tbe OOO personnel. General MacArthur replied : "Yes, the arguments are In vincible. It costs you less by a third for a soldier than a CCO boy, the training is Just as good and you are Insuring tbe future of your country." ' . Long-held ambitions of the air service may be realized with ex pansions whlif would give 'the United States by far the most pow erful aviation force In the world. The proposals' Which were suggested by the Baker committee in its re port on the army air corps last July have the full backing of the Federal lAvlatlon commission. . Projections outlined would more than double the air strength of the army.. By 1041 the United States would boast 4,230 airplanes, a -force much stronger than any which ex ists in tbe world at the present mo ment:. -. , ' .- ' r Present strength of the army air corps Is about 1,4'JT r-'iiriM. Undnr the expansion propiara, this would be Increased to 2," by VX' Tlie navy today-' bus 171 p'"'f,s, and would liirrci) -i! t; ? to 1,1)10 by ir -L f " , T 'i!n-l. ' ' - - n f " - 1 l a , aii t i .. , trol of mo t of i. enls, (!--.'', i : t could te i) ' j f r f not for tills Kionoixi Said the Eaker r i 1 'uic I i i nlr,. e j If it HO.C- 'X: "In gen- eral aviation the Umtej Siutes leads the -world h It is surerlor In com mercial aviation, Its naval aviation is stronger than any other power, and with more financial support Its army aviation can be. raised to n world position equal to that held by our navy." . . The' Federal Aviation commission was- all la favor of the -expansion. , "Nothing : short of a radical change In the International 'situa tion should be allowed to Interfere with the completion of this pro gram or with the making of the nec essary appropriations to carry It out, said Its report :A$r4 'Aviation Plans. . 1 f t Military aviation plans , In" this country and frequently In others have always been tampered by two directly opposed schools of thought These have been deplored by the Baker board which held that re criminations and Individualistic pub lic apnouncements have destroyed harmony and co-operation. . . . One of these schools feels -that "the next war will he fought in the air,?.! to employ a phrase that has become hackneyed by frequent repe tition' In the last few years. The faction, supported most laudlbly by General Mitchell In America, con- I tends that the air 'forces should be 1 completely separated trom iana or sea forces. General Mitchell, when In office, -went so far as to secure the aviators- special pay and dif ferent uniforms. -According to his views, a. good air force could wipe out all surface vessels of the sea with . dispatch and . could reduce armies by overwhelming numbers because of the suddenness of their ' The other school contends that the air force Is only a part of the general military program of defense. and this school seems to find Gen eral MacArthur on Its side. Thls faction, of "course, would ex pand, and foster' the air service, keeping Its speed, and efficiency at least on a par with that of the forces of other nations, but it de clares that since the planes depend upon ground forces for supply an ' support, they should be regards only as "extremely valuable auxil iaries to the fighting forces of t: land, whlchtin reality take, occupy and bold territory, , .; V y; ' This Important discussion . has caused congress for many years to be exceedingly wary in the matter of ; appropriations of money for aerial expansion. Indeed, the air corps has at times been able t keep a decent pace only by eiTt- ' Ing transfers of personnel from o er' branches of the army, tlie transfers c"'1-rii"y having -been at coit'jdl " I t!irt:;h" t!.e efforts (-' General r.' icArlhur. .-' , ' To the limine military affairs com mil Br- r r "1 ! nil MncArlln i f-si the i- cali! W T: J : - ' - ' 'Si.:,. r, --,,. i-.-v-j '--'i t ; ...... '.if -.UK' .'If . vj- I If you are a little tired of the general run - of bouse frocks you'll enjoy , the ; trimly tailored line ot this design, - with its ' unusual but- toned-down collar - and buttoned- over sleeves., i For It's , one of those casual :; shirtwaist : styles so very popular v nowadays and It has a slenderizing panel Op the front, to make It very becoming to . the larger figure, i The way the bodice is gath ered to the youthful yoke and slot pleated at the back Is not only very smart but it gives the comfortable fullness that .-. women - demand ot house frocks. Made of cotton broad cloth, "or 'printed, pique this- dress- would, be charming and every bit as chle as a sports frock I . - Pattern 2163 Is available In sl;n 16, 18, 20. 34, 36, -38, 40, 42 and Size 86 takes. 4 yards 36-Inch i rlc. '. Illustrated step-by-step sew . instructions included. f v.-: Send FIFTEEN CENTS (15c) la coins or stamps (coins preferred) for this ' pattern, v Write 1 plainly name, y address : and style - number. BE) SURE TO, STATE SIZE. Address orders to . Sewing Circle Pattern department 243 West Sev enteenth street, ; New Jfork City. ' ' SEEMED SAFER ' . ' bid Lady Aren't you ashamed to ask for money? v , Tramp I got six months- for tak ing it without asking. Stray Stories Magazine. , i , rv-;. Unknown Languat : .: v r Lady ' Visitor And so- your lit' brother can talk now, can he? . . ' Bobby Tes, he .jean say bom s words very well. .. Lady visitor Bow nice I A n 1 what words are theyT .. '.' . : Bobby I -don't know. Tve never beard any of them before. ;:: -. 'Cir:v.--7 "'-V ' ' In Doubt . - "What has become of tbe v ' v I used to say, 'Every day, In ev we're getting better and botv ' "I. don't .know" ,'apswcit ,1 Cayenne, "whether he went to t or whether he has Joined old f at v headquarters " of the", club.'''. ,' . - " ,5-'S,, ' J- Ll -. e ! S v'---i Ii9 c?""e to i. : tip il a cf iT
The Duplin Times (Warsaw, N.C.)
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March 14, 1935, edition 1
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