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T H C --=c a I N T E L L I G a N C E R 749 t i t k I k k 1^ k I • i k L I t ‘•iHC. Stiini7i(min<^ all her cmira^^e, wltli a prayer to the King’s Hon for aiJ f('r herM'lf and Paul, she stcudicfl the Slaves with hotli huuds and stepped ofi'the brink of tlie f'-arfu' Her breath almost ceased u-4th fear as •die <hil so. U wa.s but for an instant—slowly and stead ily she was lowered down, as if ujihcLl by comforting Angels, until she 'svas lauded safely on the proiecting ledge, when; I’aul was indml l}ing, sen.dhle but much bruised and injured by his dreadful fall, 'i'he meeting between them was most tender, ea.ch accusing themselves ■A having brought this mis-'ry upon the one they luvlnl d-‘arly, and bitter was the grief with wliioh Paul eou- ibssetl hi.s wi('kedues.s against not only Christine, but the niiserable life he had led—Ids (lisobi".lienee and ingi-ati- nide to tlie King and his Hon. He would not he emr- I'-rted. Christine talked to him—told him how slie had sinned, and yet hail bfcn. forgiwii at tlie first word of oontrilion. Idit I'a'd .shook hi.s Ifcad, and only sfdd, ‘•.she oould Hot po.Nsibly know how wicked he had hcf-n ; no one knew but himself aud the King.” He was going on to accuse hiin.sihf, but Ciiristiue put her hand ca.i Ids rjU'Utli and hade him confess his sins to the King’s Son, not to her, "■ wdio was so miserable a sinner herself.” I’anl said he li.ad done so. All the dreary hours that he :.ad lain tlievo, helpless and wr'^ielied. had been spent in ;d!iug hi< pa.st life ; and he had given up ail hope of s.alvation for himself in any way, until he had heard licr voice and seen her kne'oling beside him, then he felt per haps tiu.'n; might be a chance for him. Clu-istine dre-w r cluirt (jf the mountain from, her bo.som, and begun r-.‘ading almul fron^ it such portions as sh.e thought would i c comforting to Paul. She could see to read by the ■igl’t of the CTns.>e.‘; and the fiashe.s of the hrUliant Au- - ;ra Bor'-ali.-:, that illumine!! the heaven above tl'd.' dri'ary valley i,)f despair, i’aul lay with his hands fifiihid ■.0 ther, as if in prayer, and deep sighs would C'Une l.i.^ lips when .slie would read a confession of ^ins, a prayr for mercy to a wretched penitent, Cbri.s- buc’s V'.iicc would be ofieu brukeii by sobs, for she ap plied Buc-h portions to herself as well a.s to Paul, fjhe read us long a.s he strength to listen, then she lifted • head upon her lap and sm-uthed the brown curl.', :.-iW n-ati-d and sfilieued b)* tliO cold, d'hc black, tarij- .‘-•i-d cross of pearls was gune. In its place, white dia- r. rtnds .-'parkled lilm drops of lire. Christine knew what ‘be-t signified—Paul was ready to go to the Beautiful ' y ! Deep sorrow struck tlirough her he.irt, and yet a ..'■.lulnes.s bi.'vond eupre.s.sion. Paul wa.s somi to i'!' •<.ife -released from all this weary walking—free for- from all danger of falling into sin—.safe, safe in the f ••■muuu! City ! Ah ! if she, too. were but worthy to g > a'-'' ; but that must he as the King’s Sou pleased, tijhe nr.i^t bo- patient, and Itave no will but his; and Clirlstiiu- ••••ayed to be. cmiued with this patience. Paul moved in ■ ,1. n stlc.ss ib'Op. His wounds pained him S'l much, so but he sniiDd feebly in Christine’s face as slic ‘ried to help him to an easier po.'^ition. He toh.l her he iic.d been drcrimiug very sweetly before the pain struck i.iir. so viuDntly, -that he thought the King’s Sc-n had spoken to him, and told him liis sins wen; forgiven and forgotb.'u. He said ChristiuiS, if she ever got out of the dark valley, must take his staff aud give it to the old :,ii;-sseng!;c of the Kiiig, wliom he had treated .so ungratc- ..;;ly, and -eU him how he had suffered, and how decj'iy ire had r-epente'd, and beg his forgivenes.s r.f all thi‘ past, ilo said Christine must try and do all thegocn'I th.it he left undone, and that she niu.-^t live to render some s. 'r'Ace to the King and ids Son, for Ids sake as well as her own. He, alas, had been but an unp.rofirable ser- v.mt. He had wasted, in riotous living, all the good gifts which had Ijccn so lavishly bestowed upon iiim: };c was most grat';ful for all now—grateful, even. f'-T to--* Wrrible .suOering whicli li.'ul brought him to liis right :;dnd—very, very graii-fui for her constant and true af- diotivn. Paul was so weak he could only speak with great effort. Christine pressed her hand to her heart to r-'press her .-^obs, and to still its violent beating, that she r.dght not disturb Paul; '•' ® Slie t!'H»k Paul’s hand in hers, knell beside giving him heack smilo for .smile—he wa.s too weak o .sp*-Hk now—until a bright, radient cxpre.s.'^ion canie '.' v-T his {aiU'— Ids eyi-o; dihtfcil with a look of iov.^ul snr- yv-yr—fgfj ui'ist picrciug light flaslicd around .U'/r. Christine sunk slowly ilown by Paul's side, uncou- AN hen .she opcin.'d her eyes-once more, she was ■ •I'.g h-i her own little-, narrow path, the united-?ro.ss--,s lO-.l sjaves by her side, aiid the gray-hairesl messenger of '.hr King bending over her. He said he had fum’d her .y:;',g ti’.ere, ami wa.'. greatly troubled at it. Bhe .soon ■'oi him all tha? had happened, unbound Paulk staff ;r cm h<-r own and gave it t-) him. Tue old man took i', •ic.d, uuh fear.'^ running (hovn over his venerable beard, give loud thanks to the King for the salvation of out? so •.mar to iiuii. He laid almo.st despaired of ever seeing Peed enter the iDautiful City. Then he biessedChris- dm; and comforted her: hut she tuld him she was very 0 u'-tent with all. She oidy wi.-;hed, now, never to have any will at all of hvr own, and to \v;dk on as fast as she c">i;;d to the Beautiful City. I saw her oncejinore, in lier wid.ow’.s garments, walking in tlie midst of a great num ber of people. In .spite of tier anxiety to hasten on her Journey, she stopped in an instant if she could aid or •.•onif.jrt any one. 8he would listen ivith the sweetest pat-enec to the tiresome complaints of the aged, turn wuh a smile to please the prattling ch.ildren who W(iuld seize her garments—.sympathy, love., kindness for all— :mver weary—never sad—never repining—never irnpa- ''"-'Pi—the fi-iend of all'the helpless—the comfortless—• ••■;•' c-ppressed and poor—one ciiuld scarc'dy have reci'-g- .•••d the haughty, willful, pa.ssionatc Christine, in this n., patiGUt ] biUghicr of the King. Again 1 saw tlu'se p"'p!e weeping and mourning. They .said their friend. • h.'ir sister, the goixl Christine-vsns gone. The Ang‘'i • uvi taken her awav to the Beautiful Citv. Fil.IA. J’chctiott.s. I..V.\'JUA(JE. /'roTK th'', London Timcif. — ConHuded. Profe.-:sor Muller gives an historical sketch of the .Sanskrit language from the time of the invasion of India by Alexander to the mo.st recent date. Into this our space forbids u.s to follow him. The oldest Sanskrit, tlie languag',,* in ■which the Vedas are writ ten, he considers to belong to the 15th century be fore Christ, and to have ceased to be a spoken lan guage at the time, of the Greek iuvagion. . . . The Chine.se language has no grammar whatever, in the .'ecse in which we use that term. It makes no for- I mal distinction betv/oen noun, verb, preposition, or I adverb. It has no infiections, no declension, or t conjugation, and preHents almost as great a contrast t with any one of the Aryan languages as a cuttlefi.sh ■ with a vertebrate animal “ Kvery word in it is a ! root, and every root a word, and the whole are nion- osyilabu,’.’’ Tiie very same phra.se is made t-o serve ! the purpose, according as maybe required, of every I one of what we call “ parts of speech.” Thus, for ; in.stancc, the preposition “with,” which in KngUsh 1 we use to denote instrumentality, would be repre- i seated in Chinese by the word ’y, which would ; equally serve as a verb, meaning “ to use.” Where ; we should .«ay a boy wa,-: struck “ ivith a stick,” the Chine.‘--e would say he was struck, “empfoy stick” Cy ting) ; Our own language enables u.s to see liow’ a variation in positiim may serve as well as a change of iufiection ; we find no difficulty in distinguishing between the meaning “ John beats James” and “.James beats John a distinction which to a people who had only had experience of an inflected language, like the Latin and Greek, wouhT have gcouied most strange. But that all the words of a language should bo of the same kind, and each capable of doing duty with equal facility as propo.^;!- tion, adverb, adjective, and verb, is all but incon ceivable. Nevertheless such is the case in Chinese, and, what is more, there is reason to believe tliat once the same state of things existed in every lan guage without exception. The train of inve.stigation v.diich led to this conclu.sion we will endeavor to ex plain to the general reader. Lrt us take some one familiar word, wdiich is conni'.'ded etymologically with a large nuinb-:;r of others, and separate it into its primitive elements. The word “ respectable” is one of those selected by Profe.-hor Muller. Now, the first step is obviously ti) cut oft the- prefix re and the termination “ able,” wliioli it shares in common with a large class, and wt^get the kernel oi the word. “ spcct.” This every schoolboy, of course, recognises as a mere parti cipial formation ot a mori; simple form, “spec,” upon whiiffi a v<.-rb, “ spucere,” would naturally spring, and, iiuhvjd, is evidenced to have done so in the popular Italian dialects by the existence of its compounds “ in.spioere,” “ con.«pioere,” “ aapicere,’ <^e., which are C'-onnr.min the literary Latin. This root “ spec,’ novt, is found widely spread through out the languagesof the Aryan family, and .in all its derivatives points to one original notion,—that oisennj ov looking. But, as we remarked above together with- the general resemblance of equivalent in the several cognate language.s, certain specific changes are found to coexist.^ Ilence the root, which in Latin is spec (pronounced spek') is in Greek skep, spehoR, “ to look,” is paralleled by the Northumbrian “ s^we-wife,” aud the English “ spy.” In Samskrit the final k, orkh, or rough h, is represented by s’spasa (a gu ardinn) being the same thing originally and the same word etymologically as the Ilindostanee sipoJi- cc, orsepog. Now, if we go down the stream of time, and observe the new shapes and the new mcan- ing.s which derivatives from this primitive Aryan root have taken in mordern language, we shall bo astonished to find the mixed multitude of descendants which are ail undeniably .sprung from a common aucestom The rcrynic (inquirer) bishop, the worn down English form of epi^ropus (over-seer), are obviously enough hewn from tlie same Greek rock ; but it doe.« not seem so plain how a 5^ike-fal man, a j'yiccnal train, and a re.?j:iikod murderer,—an au- .''y>it'ious event, a spicy article, iind the esyneglcrie of a mis(;hl(?vousgirl are connected with one another, or with the reckless .-i^X’culatious of Capelcourt. Noth ing, however, can be more certain than the fact. I'he “ respect” which the worthy member of society enjoys i-s in its Latin original only the “looking back''upon him after pas.sing him, the outward in dication ut the feeling that he is a man of some mark. Tlie English respite is the Norman modification of the same word. It originally meant “ the looking back ■ upon the case, the review of the evidenced To .say that a criminal had received o respite tliat a r(‘-exainination had been accorded to him. Then the word was employed to mean the time al lowed for the review; and,finally,the %'erb “ respitif ' was formed to denote the act "of grace. The old French despit (depit) is the representative of the Latin “ do.spect/’ as repit of “ respect.” Of it the English spite is the relic, perfectly naturalized, and as a citizen a.s.suming the rights of citizenship by combining with the Saxon “full.” - An auspicious proceeding was originally one wdiich the “ in.speo- tion of sacred bird.s” (iixispicinrii) had ascertained to be “ lucky ; ’’ the •s;/)crulator was the sharp-eyed fisherman, who from hi.s j/)erula (look-out post) on the clifl signalled to liL mates the course taken by the shoal of tunny-fi.sh. The origin of the word espicgle i.'^ very curious. The Latin word “.specu lum (a looking-glass) became in German and a famous cycle of waggish stories exists in the latt(u- language of which tlie hero bears the name Eiden-sptigd (owl-glass). This, on the stories be ing tran.slateJ into French, took the shape of ules- picglc, which was afterwards corrupted into espieglc, and became a general name for persons distinguished for mischievous merriment. But the derivations from the Latin word sjiecies have, perhaps, the strauge.st history of any of the large family sprung from the root “ spec.” This term^ originally mean ing the form or appearance of any subject,—that which it was seen to be,—was employed as a trans lation of the Greek word eidos, which originally meant the same, in a new and technical sense in which it had been used by philosophers. Genus weJ.v them regarded as including all things which which (jEe. same kind ; species those among them being niade's'ui^ommon type?; the one classification all genealogical alfis^ite to the other. Hence, after disappoart.'d, tiie seeohcrlphological associations had as opposed to general, came pcirticulur, specie..:^ to its French reproRentative^i^*-^ word English derivatives special, specific, Irotn the turmer came the French epicier, denoVi^T at first not a cjvoc.cr, but a vender oi sgKcial waves such as drugs and spices (ppices). In Italy the apothecary is still called spe.^?K/e,hi.s shop spezitria ; and the term “ .^picj” thus naturally lends itself to any pr'.'duction of a very piquant character. The reader will not require any further clue to enable him to understand the other derivatives of “ speck,” such uispecimtn, specious, spectacle, and from this single example will be enabled to see how small a number of roots are required to furnish a very co pious vocabulary. The detection aud classification of these rnoto by the comparison of cognate tongues is the first task of the Qornparative Philologer, and it was first ac complished in the Semitic family. In the last cen tury scholars had succeeded in reducing the whole dictionary of Hebrew and Arabic to about 500 roots, each containing only three consonants; and, as the vowelslaiv: not an essential part of the word, this feature procured the name of triditeral-to the Sem itic languages. ^ iT’ofessor.Muller thinks the num ber ot roob' in Sanskrit is really not greater. In (Jhine,^; there are, according to him, only 450—Sir •lohn Davis, indeed, says but 214—and -with these have been produced nearly 50,000 words. The ex traordinary fertility of some languages is such that ^m*e seems no limit to t-heir power.s of production. Oi the- ( the Greek la the mo.st remarkable. Every single (.reek verb which hs complete in its tenses would 3-Ield, including its participles, nearly 1,300 foims. \et, saj's I^rofessor Muller, “ a well-edu cated persou in Kiiglfuid, who has been at a public school and the University, wdio reads his Bible, his Shaksgyeare, hU Times, knd all the books of Mudie’s Library, .sellom uses more than 3,000 or 4,000 dif ferent ^¥o^d's in actual conversation. Accurate tniukeis and elo.'-ie rcasoners, w'ho avoid vague and general expres.^^ion.^, and wait till they find the word tliat exactly fits their meaning, emplo}’ a larger stock ; and eloquent speakers may rise to a command of 10,000^. Miakspearo, who displa^md a greater variety of expression tlian probably "any writer in any language, produced all his play.s with about 15,000,word.‘4. Milton’s works-are built up with 8,000 ; and^the Old Testament say.s all that it has to say with 5,042 words.” A country Clergyman, Mr. D Orsey, asserts that some of the laborers in bis Parish have not ^-^0 wc r-Is in their voeabidary; and it is said to appear from the hieroglyphic in scriptions that tlie sages of Egypt did not possess tlirice as many. In the libreUo’'oi an Iffilian opera • the whole number of words will rarely exceed 800. It is obvious, therefore, tliat in an early state of society, where the habits of men are simple, and their experience extends over a very small ranf’^e, an extrcaiely ilniited number of roots would su&a for the construction of a language tliSt should per fectly auswer for the purposes of intercommunica tion. ®!ic ffihuvfli Jlntdligenfcn KhV , T. 8. AV . MOTT, A, M., Kditor and rrnprictor. HALEIGII, FIUDAY, APRIL 4. 1862. Thk ACWEDITr-D ObGAS* Of THE BiSHOP.HOF TkXAS, LoCISI- AXA, Mis.sissirpi, Alabama, Fi-oeipa, Geohqia, Sovtc Caro- Li.vA, h'oKfH Cakol:k.\. Tvk.vesmee, the Missios.cry Bishop OF FHK SOL'Tn-WE.Sr, AND OP THE U.NIVKRSITy OP THE SOUTE. CIRGASSXA. If memory does her office, the public attention was called to the struggle so long going on in Circassia against the enormous power of Russia, first by thi.s Journal, as a source of encouragement and hope to ourselves in the present war. Since that time more or less has been said upon the subject by the secular papers, but no one of them, so far as our recollection extends, has given us any thing very definite on the geographical position,' or the extent and resources of the country, without some knowl edge of which it is impossible to form any thing ap proaching a just estimate of the value of the lesson which the struggle referred to is teaching us. T he geography ot Circassia seems to be but im perfectly kno.wu : at least, so one would infer from the confused statements we have been able to find respecting it,- Malte Bruno, the Prince of Geog raphers, is very unsatisfactory, and no one of our scuool treatises, that we have seen, eve'i mention it. From the best information we can gather, it is a small, mountainous region, lying between the Black Sea on the AYest, and the Caspian on the East, and is included between the Caucasian Mountains on the South, and the rivers, Terek and Cuban, on the North, the surface being very uneven and broken, intersected by deep ravines aud rapid torrents, with numerous mountain elevations but little inferior in heiglit to the general range of the Caucasian chain itself. The whole area is estimated at about 42,000 square miles, and the population at from four to six hundred thousand. In extent of territory, there fore, Circa.Msia will just about compare with Tennes see,and,in the number of inhabitants,with Maryland. Tiie people are an in.lependent, high-spirited race, essentially pastoral, yet warlike. The use of money is soarocly known among thoin, their wealth con sisting mainly in live stock, and the productions of the soil. The national character of the Circassians is quite undetermined by writers on the subject. The sim ple fact of this Country being the only part of the west ern Caucasus that has not fallen under the power of Russia, of itself proclaims their indomitable energy and perseverance, and we should naturally feel inclined to listen to those who represent them as among the bravest and noblest of our race—the women gems of beauty. a;id tKo men the finest specimens of all that .is graceful and manly. But on the other hand there are tho.se who describe them as little better than a half -ivilized race, cut up into petty clans, at continual war v/ith each other, proud, self-willed, and cruel, and in tiie fierce rudeness of a spirit engendered by almost perpetual warfare, regardless of the refinements and amenities of life. In one respect they ro.^cmble the Scotch High landers—not coii.stltuting one people, but divided into several clans which are subdivided into numer ous trib*i.s, under their hereditary chiefs." Family pride is exoes.sive, which cause.s great distinctions in society; yet we find among them something of tne popular element, every free Circasian having a right to participate'in determining and enacting public measures. Social distinctions are strongly marked. They consist of chiefs, ancient nobles, new gentry, the middle class, vassals, and, finally, slaves, mostly taken in war. These are emjfloyed in agriculture, or other menial services ; but they cannot be sold, or transferred from one owner to another, except in a few p*oculiar cas is. The highi?! classes own the Boil, aud from them the lowmr rent and cultivate it. They have no large cities or towns; no written laws; no courts of law or equity farther than a council of the oldest and most res pected citizens of each village by whom disputes are determined, and questions of equity settled. A round cap, a tunic descending to the knee and girt about the waist with a leathern girdle, and a pair of trowsers in flowing eastern style complete the ordinary co.stume ; and, what is very remarkable, notwithstanding their strongly marked social dis tinctions, this costume is 'common t-o all, ihe only distinction being that the nobles alone have the right to wear red, and that, in their military equip ments, the wealthy displaA' very great’ extrava gance. From the I2th to the 15th : entury, Circassia was subject to Georgia. From this condition they extri cated themselves in the IGt-h century by the aid of Russia, whose Emperor had married a Oireassiaa Princess. As the sway of Ru.ssia was at this time gradually extending over the AYcstern Caucasus. I^eter the Gr at and Catherine II wished to include Circassia with the rest-of that region, but in the meantime the Country, having embraced the Ma- homedan religion, acknowledged the dominion of the Sultan, and claimed his protuctioa, la 1829, In the treaty of Adrianople, Turkey ceded Circa-ssia to Russia. This cession the Circtissians refused to recognize, and out of their resistance to it grew the present war which has now been going on, with va riant fortune, for upwards of thirty years, and ■which appears to be about as far from its close as ever it was, the last account being that these brave people had defeated their gigantic enemy in a pitched battle in which they had only ten thousand .against a force of fifteen. Where freedom fires the soul the light of liberty will never go out. Is the disparity between us and the TJuited States so great as that between Circassia and Russia with her area of four millions of square miles and sixty millions P'Cople! I ! Chuech ALSt.tNACS.—.\a esteemed clerical brother, ■some months ago, furnished us with a substitute for a. Church Almanac, au appropriate part of which wo ft once inserted in this Paper. Shortly after the complete one, by the Rev. J. M. MitchoU of iJ-jot.,om'crv Ala., appeared, which we considered as superceding the necessity of continning the one. commenced in our Journal. The Almanac by My. Mitchell is a very good one, and answers all the purposes necessary for Clergy or Laity. It can be had on application to him for tie tri ling sum of ten cents, which is very low, especiailv since he has so generously supplied all the Clergy known to be m the Confederacy at the time of pubUcatiBa, a.‘. CIS ovt’U individual expense. Some of our subscribers—in Texas and Atkaasaa fo;
The Church Intelligencer (Raleigh, N.C.)
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April 4, 1862, edition 1
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