wwm 4 No One Took the Early Films Seriously, Not Even i the Inventors Thirty-seen years ago there were no moving pictures. Today the movie industry ranks fourth In the United States, with an invested capital of A/N Ann $1,500,000,000, employing more than cuu.uw pceons in production, distribution and exhibition, with 60,000,000 person# paying from ten cents to two dol(-ar8 for weekly admissions to theaters, \"?-rge and small, dotting towns and cities throughout the country. By PROEHL HALLER JAKLON ROOM Five of tlii jWest Orange (N. J.) laboratory of Thomas Alvn Edison buzzed with excitement 111 low. Vo Settle a $25,000 Wager The credit for the discovery of Instantaneous photography is given tot John D. Isaacs, a civil engineer, working for Iceland Stanford In 1872. Stanford maintained that (artists were all wrong In their pictures of horstesi in action. Their legs were shown in unnatural positions, he declared, and made a bet of $25,000 that he was right. He engaged a San Francisco photographer, Eadweard Muybrldge, who later received the glory, to catch a trotting horse In actlop by employing a battery of cameras. Muybrldge | failed. Isaacs, knowing something about photography, realized that the lens shutters then in use wtjre too slow for the job. and so lie attached rubber (bands with n hundredpound pull to the shuttersj. This gave an exposure of one two-thousandth or a second and "caught" the motion of the horse. Muybrldge, who was the photographer, gained the fjune. Isaacs went on about fiib own business, attaining success, and rarely referred to the incident. Later the task performed by the battery of cameras was done much more Efficiently with a single camera, a spring taking tne place of the rubber bands. In IS80 LeI'rinee, a Frenchman living in the United States, used serjsitized strips of paper In place of the old-fashioned wet plate, and soon after Carbutt substituted, celluloid for the paper. George Eastman, a photograph supply man of Rochester, N. Y? produced niuch thinner celluloid Strips and put them on the market In the form of dry plates for his kodaks. ?>iekson, In September, 1889, bought a small supply for use in the klnetoscope, as Edison called his! new device. Edison sold the exploitation rights to this device to a firm consisting of Noijman C. Itaff, a western capitalist; Frank Lombard, president of the Rorth American Phonograph company, and Frank Gammon, a high-powered young business man. In turn, they marketed state &nd foreign rights to their toy. Edison, at his W^st Orange laboratory, agreed to produce the pieturies. Edison'obtained a patent jon his kinetoseope in 1801. Learning that foreign patents would eost about $ir.O, he told his attorney that they were not wortli it. A patent raorje or less meant nothing to Edison, lie failed also to protect his invention for a disk record for | his phonograph, preferring the cylinder type, j How many millions were lost because of this j neglect can only be guessed at. The first motion-picture actor in the world, according to Mr. Ramsaye's findings, was one Fred Ott, a mechanic in Edison's laboratory. He dressed In absurd clothing and made funny Plans to Open Up Old Ir With the'departure for the Louisi- Mr. Collin ana coast of Henry R. Coplins, Jr., of ethnologj ethnologist, the Smithsonian institution and whose Initiates an exploration of an almost ethnology is forgotten area of prehlstorlp life on the mounds this continent. The regioiji, fvhich ex- to deterniin tends westward from Newi Orleans, mounds or was the camping ground <>f jthe Atta- collect bon< copa and Chitimacha Indlanp. It has So far all tl been overlooked by archeologlsts and gulf from : nothing has ever been written about It been slmilai I .1* w<. ITS AMAZir % ^ 1 - *' 1111 > 11 "i 'Hill ifi Bk >y& c i?^B Thomas Alva Edison, inventor of the motion picture film, the camera and the Kinetoscope?the technological foundation of the art of the motion picture. (Courtesy Simon and Schuster.) _fac?8. Soon vaudeville actors begun to appear. A young duncer named Dennis was among tliem. She Is now Ituth St. Denis. The first motion-picture emporium was opened April 14. 1S04, at No. 1155 ltroudwuy, New York. Ten peephole klnetoscopes attracted the public. It must be remembered that pictures on the screen as we know them hud not yet made their appearance. All movies were shown to one person at a time, through the peephole. This, of course, limited the patronage. The magic lantern, on the other hand, for several hundreds of years had shown still-pictures to entire audiences. On the Screen at Last Why not combine the magic lantern and the klnetoscope? This question stirred, almost simultaneously. the minds of several men, including Edison. In Chicago Edwin Hill Amet pondered the Idea; In Virginia I'rof. Woodvill Latham played with it; in England Robert Friese-Greene started working, and in France two instrument makers, Louis and Auguste Luntlere, set about to put motion pictures on the screen. Out of all this effort grew litigation which in one form or another was going strong until as late as 1911, and may still have a belated appearance on some court dockets. Mr. Ilamsaye says that the Ltimlere projector made its debut In March, 1805, under the name of the cinematograph. Several wseks later Professor Latham, In America, demonstrated his projector, and only a short time later Amet made his showing. In generul, all these devices were the same, with minor exceptions In the perforation of the film and In method of winding and rewinding. These precipitated legal battles In which were spent millions of dollars In costs, only to end, as a rule. In compromise and combination of the competing parties. Thus the projector, the last vital development of motion jilctures, was ready to revolutionize the world of amusement as early as 1895. The first public screen showing was made April 20, 1890, at the old Koster & nial music hall. In Twenty-third street, New York. These were simple subjects, dancers, acrobats and the like?anything with action In it. The Idea that any actor would want money for his efforts never occurred to the early film makers. The publicity they got out of It was held to be ample remuneration. Carmenclta. a Spanish dancing star, performed ; Annabelle Moore put on a serpentine; Sandow and other notables of the time all worked on this basis of payment. Censorship Begins About this time came the first censorship. The Edison company had produced a piece in which Doloritn put on a hoochie-koochle, a dance made known to America at the ( hicago world s fair. Klnetoseopes by this time, In 1K90, were fairly well distributed, and there were several doing business on the Atlantic City board walk. Somebody took a peep at Dolorltn, became shocked at her performance, and promptly wrote a letter to the authorities. The result was that the owner of the establishment wrote the New York office, "Send me another film. The police say that Dolorita's dance Is too strong." As early as ISOfl the movies, not yet known by that title, of course, began to attract the attention of scores of men who saw the opportunities for money-making. Their imaginations had been fired by such exploits as the filming, in 1S07, of the Corbett-Fltzsimmons fight at lleno. which ran 13,000 feet, and was shown at the old New York Academy of Music, the first special showing of a picture. The same year one Alexander Victor, a magician, opened the first motion-picture theater with 200 chairs In it. This was In Newark, N. J., and admission was 25 cents. It soon failed. The war with Spain helped boost the new art. Here was an opportunity to get renl action. The Vitagraph company, formed by Jimmy ISlackton, a New York reporter, Albert E. Smith, a spirit cabinet exhibitor, and one Top Hock, a Harlem billiard hall keeper, concocted a picture called "Tearing Down the Spanish Flag." In Chicago George K. Spoor, news dealer by day and ticket vender by night In a cheap vaudeville house, and Edwin H. Amet, the Inventor of one kind of projector, showed the destruction of Cervera's fleet. Both of them were fakes. The flag was "torn down" on a lot in Brooklyn, and the "fleet" was maneuvered in a washtub at the Waukegan (111.) studio of Spoor and Amet. This was the day of the film pirate. If anyone made a picture which attracted the public, others immediately would copy It. The Industry hnd lured the unscrupulous entrepreneur as well ns those who lived by higher ethics, nnd where money Is nt stake anything Is likely to happen. One company produced the story of the crucifixion, and another promptly copied It and "bootlegged" It to not unwilling exhibitors. The status of general production of pictures for J! M/\im^c lntlonshlp nmong the pei lClI3.n IVlOUl 1US gestlng a migration rou The Attncopa Indians s, who Is assistant curator the few known cannibal r in the National museum American continent. 1 expedition the bureau of engaged In the prnctice 1 financing, will investigate^ purposes or for the lovi In the area with a view known. Other cannibal ing whether they are true found in Cuba, .Tarnulc mere shell heaps, and to Columbia and Brazil.?1 ;s, artifacts and pottery, tin of the Smlthsoninn ie pottery found along the Florida to Louisiana has | Seven radio beacons indicating a cultural re- tabllshed on the Great 1 1^ NEWS. TRYON. N. C. 1G HISTORY First Movie Actors Worked for Joy of it or for the Free Advertising tliese days can be measured by a review of a Biograph catalogue, then current: 134?The Pretty Stenographer; or Caught In the Act?28 ft.?An elderly but gay broker la seated at his desk dictating to his pretty stenographer. He stops In the progress of his letter and bostows a kiss on the not unwilling girl. As he does his wife enters. She Is enraged. Taking her husband by the ear she compels him to get on his knees. The pretty stenographer bursts into tears. ** ? They Use the "CutbacK "The Life of an American Fireman," produced in 1902, was one of the first pictures to utilize that very effective device, the cutback. It showed a child In a burning house, with the britee fireman on his way. J In 1903 Adolph Zukor, a Chicago furrier, arrived 1+ in New York to collect $3,000 which a friend had borrowed to start a penny arcade. It was not prospering, and Zukor's efforts to save his money put the furrier into the penny arcade business, and later led to his meeting with Marcus Loew, another penny arcader. By 1906 Zukor was a fullfledged theater proprietor. Famous Players-Lasky corporation, the world's biggest movie concern, resulted, while Loew is head of the Metro-GoldwinMayer ^oropany, a close rival. Carl Laemmle, clothing store clerk of Oshkosh, Wis., In the winter of 1905 confided to a uuii-hk" advertising agent that he was tired of the clothing business. They talked over the possibilities of the movies. Finally he opened a theater In 1906. A few months later he started a film exchange and sold prints to other showmen. Out of his subsequent efforts to organize the Independent Interests In their fight against Edison came the Universal Pictures. Both Laemmle and Cochrane, the advertising man, made fortunes. In 1907, the censorship pot, long simmering, boiled over. Ramsaye recalls for us the Chicago Tribune editorial, "The Five Cent Theater," which damned the nickelodeon up and down hill. At that time Chicago had 119 such shows. They were blamed for Juvenile crime, and a list of pictures, to which objection was taken, was printed. The same year New York officials became aroused and closed every 5-eent show in the city. Exhibitors protested, there was a compromise, and us a result the National Board of Censorship was formed. The first stnte to pass a censorship law was Pennsylvania In 1912. Appealed to "Rough Element" The cinema, It seems, had been In bad odor, more or less, from the start. Its appeal. Its critics asserted, was muinly to the "rough element." Then, too, followed the theater disasters In which many persons lost their lives. Films often caught fire In the crude projection machines, and many persons feared to enter such theaters because of the reported danger to their Uvea Everyone had heard of the Charity Bazar fire In 1897 at Paris. Nearly 180 persons, among them many French nobles, had lost their lives when a projector lamp exploded. Prejudicial feeling Immediately arose to Impair seriously the status of the screen In the minds of the upper classes. With the establishment throughout the country " 1 ' * - j a * - or many tneaters mere was creuieu a ueumuu iui more and better films. People were tiring of the old run-and-hop variety of subjects. Exhibitors wanted story pictures, and the producers' problems began anew. The motion picture had no respectability then, and actors were scornful. It was necessary to seek out the hungry ones and tactfully suggest work In "the pictures." Actors who met on the movie stages of Edison, Vltagraph and Blograph In those days kept their film "shame" a secret. It was the accepted practice of the time to Impress the actors Into service as carpenters, scene painters, and the like. Florence Turner, an early favorite, when not acting wus mistress of the wardrobe. But when Maurice Costello went over to Vltagraph from Edison a precedent was set up. "I am an actor and I will act?but I will not build sets and paint scenery." He won on bis dignity. Enter Charlie and His Pants Charles Chapmnn made his screen debut In 1913. Ills big pants and curious gait caught the eye of Adam Kessel of the New York Motion Picture company, who strolled Into a theater just In time to see the act go on. kessel offered him S7f> a week to appear In the films. Charlie refused It, as he did a subsequent offer of $100 a week. Finally the ante was raised to $l.ri0 and he ? A 1 t-tl" 1 ril/itnro Tl'o o mmlit o t T AO liCtt'pifU. 1II? llini l?MUIC ?UO IIIMUC HI wo Angeles for Keystone. It was called the "Kid's Auto Knees." and made a hit. Other Chapman pictures followed, and the little Englishman became famous before his name was known. Later his name was changed to Chaplin. Of the j later developments In the Industry, the most slgnillcant was' the effort to avoid censorship and jregulation that might seriously interfere with progress. In 1917 a wild party for Fatty Arbuckle in Boston drew unfavorable attention both to the players and film ofllcluls who attended It. In 1921, Arbuckle with other movie people smashed {into a screen scandal. The divorce ol Mary l'lckford from Owen Moore in Nevada was another cause of scandal because of her early marriage to Douglas Fairbanks, an actor Just winning public favor. The producers felt that something had to be done. They formed an association of motion picture producers, and placed at the head of It Will Hays, one-time chairman of the Republican national committee, anil postmaster general. Hays tackled his job seriously, and Is now the screen's most powerful figure when It comes to deciding on what may be shown. He can kill any story and can exile any actor from the screen. And he has used this power. Mr. Ramsaye has brought his fascinating history down to the separation of the producing department from the exhibiting department of the Famous Players' organization. Balaban & Katz ot rhlf'PPn took nvpr Hip th^ntoro Hn Tuna k moo ^.1%. vxvuwi a. U UI1V CI, Famous Players bought them hack. This present nrtlele mentions only scattered gleanings from the eighty-one chapters of Itamsaye's work. For one incident set down here there are scores of equally Interesting ones gathered in the two volumes. The one thing ahout this history which appenls perhaps more than any other single quality Is the attitude of the historian. Ills face was not long and stern when he wrote. He saw the human side of this coiuedydraniu. He had a twiqj^le In his eye. nples and sug- Something They Didn't Say te' She had urged him to study the corwere one o respondence course at home, and he . ' 'fs 0 , e had?Just ns the advertisements said. Whether they . . , , , , , At last ills snlnrv una rnl?m<) ? _ ^ . Cl or ceremonial monti,?a[80 just ag tjle advertisements B of itf is not . I tribes were 8a ' :n, Venezuela. Darling, I owe It all to you," he Yom n Ilulle- saldInstitution. "Well, dear," she returned, "don't worry. You won't after pay day." have been es- Which was just the point the adukes. vertlsements failed to .mention, ? i'ji i " - -I PiPliPJlgpry* i ?. STOP SMALL LEAKS t IH - ft .... _ ( fl Rubber Gasket" 3BMBSSS0B A?How the Toggle Bolt Is Used; B? Toggle Bolt for I (Prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture.) A small leak in a water pipe can be stopped in emergency as follows, according to the United States Department of Agriculture, In Farmers' Bulletin 1460, '-Simple Plumbing Repairs In the Home." Place a flat rubber or leather gasket over the leak and hammer a stiff piece of metal, such as a picture hook, to fit over the gasket; secure both to the pipe with a vise or clatnp obtainable at hardware br five and ten-cent stores. A small leak under low pressure Is sometimes , stopped by embedding the pipe in richly mixed portland cement mortar. It Is necessary to shut off the water from the pipe and build a boxing around it to hold the soft mortar closely against the pipe. Broken sewer pipe can be repaired In like manner. A wrapping of wire netting embedded in the mortar Increases Its * >1 K?l? In ! tensile strengm. a sman ?i?ic east-iron pipe may be tapped with a screw plug. Leaky Screw Joint. Where a leaky screw joint cannot be tightened with a pipe wrench, the leak Is sometimes stopped by a blunt chisel or calking tool and hammer. Sometimes a crack or hole Is j cleaned out and then plugged and I calked with lead, tinfoil, or a commercial iron cement to the consistency of putty. Sometimes a pipe band with two bolts, or a split sleeve Is employed to hold a thin coating of iron cement or a gasket over a leak. If the leak is at a screw joint, the band Is usually coated inside with oneeighth inch of iron cement and then | slipped over the pipe. Keeping the bolt farthest front the coupling or fitting a little tighter than the other, both bolts are tightened. During the tightening the band should be driven with a hammer snugly against the coupling or fitting. In addition to these methods and devices, there are several kinds of good, Inexpensive, ready-made pipe FRESH ASPARAGUS BEST FOR CANNING "Hot-Pack" Method Favored for Vegetables. (Prepared by the United State? Department of Agriculture.) If you have an abundance of tenI der, fresh asparagus in the garden you will undoubtedly want to can | some of It for later use. As the asparj agus ought to be canned as quickly as possible after It has been cut, plan to do a little of this work frequently, rather tliaiv, to attempt a large 4. : tUUUUlll Ui LUlUllUg at iXHJ tilii*;. , Use ttie pressure canner, and the "hotpack" method, which Is recommended for all vegetables and many fruits hy the United States Department of Agriculture. The point about the "hotpack" method is that the material to ( be canned is heated to the boiling I point or cooked a short time before ! being put into the can or jurs, so that in the shortest possible time the temperature of the whole jar is raised , | to the required point. This results in | more certain sterilization and a beti ter product because of the shorter cooking. i Asparagus may be canned whole, or out up in half-inch lengths. In the former case it is tied in uniform bun| dies, cut to lit into the container to i he used, and placed in a saucepan 1 ! with boiling water over the tough i lower portion. The saucepan Is cov> ered tightly and boiled 4 or 5 minutes, then the asparagus is packed rapidly] into the containers. In the latter ' case the cut asparagus is brought to boil in water to cover, and then packed in jars or tins. The containers are completely filled up with boiling water, and each jar is salted , in the proportion of 1 teaspoonful of , salt to each quart canned. The jars or cans are put Into the? hot canner as soon as they are filled and processed for 40 minutes at 10 pounds pressure, or 240 degrees Fahrenheit. Glass jars should have the springs and rubbers adjusted halfi way, or screw tops placed on loosely. Tin cans are completely sealed before being placed In the canner. After processing for the required length of time, remove the containers from the canner. Seal glass Jars at once. Place them out of drafts. Cool tin cans by plunging them In cold water. Keep nil canned products under observation at room temperatures for at least a week. Discard any showing signs of spoilage and watch others of the same lot until It is certain that they are keeping. AROUND THE HOUSE A full-length mirror Is one of the home dressmaker's foremost assistants. * * * Heat turns white silk yellow. Avoid both hot water and hot Irons when laundering silks. * A border of flowers around the vegetable garden will pay for itself in the pleasure it gives. / ^ Outside of the Toggle Bolt; C?A fur tv.., Repairing a Boiler. face Is ! J . ouIiih.) ...... and Joint repairers obtainable of man- tJ)(i ufacturers and dealers. \ f)M.| WI,(i|> Leaky Spot In Tank. . tank or range boiler can be closed This u..:. with an inexpensive repair bolt or all drii^, . '-'iH plug obtainable from dealers. The. teed to > ,. V(. r picture shows a homemade repairer ing you consisting of a three-sixteenths by (;,.t a three-Inch toggle bolt costing ten feel sh k. b .. vH oonts nnd a flat rubber gasket, brass wltli du:: i.. fl washer and nut. The link of the bolt, I Ti '^^1 off or drain the water from the tank j H or pipe. | A small leak at a seam or rivet can often be closed by merely rubbing jjsjjti/ 7^ a cold chisel along the beveled edge KF' .1 I of the Joint. Do not attempt to calk ? I I a seam unless the plates have consid- J ^ I erable thickness and the rivets are |l I closely spaced and are close to the calking edge, and then use extreme | uHr caution. Run a regular calking tool v KB or blunt chisel along the beveled edge; tapping the tool very lightly / |B with a light hammer, force the edge "B of the upper plate ugalnst and Into the MOlnG!*! GlV? Dtfl lower plate. . n - , J 1 his Safe Anfl Use of Pectin in Making HtUTTllGSS LtlBflB Jellies Not Understood Th* tint two The use of pectin In making Jellies i^e^Vt^raVmuir u Is not always uhderstood. Pectin, baby's diet, its little itoawi^H a i j i ei i u? _ upset and towel troika w sugar, and acid in the right propor- *,nt menace At ?cn tia?s^M tlons are necessary In making Jelly. will prove a wonderful MP'"? Adding pectin to the fruit Juice may ^Jlxfety'" ^ r""' fl be helpful for several reasons. De- Mr*. John W. Motley 4 liclous Jelly can thus be made from ^er^'ii'e ?u * the Juice of peaches, cherries, straw ^nd his bowei? were leo* ? berries, and other fruits that do not tor s&ve ,m6 * V ,, . , , , . , It dldn t do him .air P*? naturally contain enough pectin. Also gtarted him on the housekeeper can be more sure of soon cot over the trroMtt^'W success and of a Jelly ofjust the right WfT*eth'inaVTs)'?" t'l^1 texture. Color >nd flavor, too, can tion. It oonuins no sometimes be Iniproved because the ^^^other^tnc" 'a Juice need not be boiled so long In Ueving pair and dietroi order to reach the proper degree of ^^ruc^atorea.0* ^ ^ I concentration. The process Is there- -pn-pt JEVD FORCS? fore, shortened and the housekeeper JT,Iyi1IS; Booklet Ah" I'M relieved from some of the hottest and & j MOFFErr CO, C0LO?*B most tedious, parf-of jelly making by g 11 the right usaof pectin extracts. Eg tTM I Nl Pectin extracts should, however, be I 6b> 1 ' '' ? used only in relatively sm*llxquanti- KiiiMf BfittSf Bit? ties with rich full-flavdred Juices to supply the lack of natural pectin. ? rtorial ^ I When pectin Is added to waterpfl juices ticpo ., j to conceal their poor quallt% the Jelly Oflicial si.(. has low food value and flavor. set down thai jjH __ District of '"niiiml'ia Strawberry Sauce *}v"1 1 ,|?.n*J? it . . slopped III '..--di A few strawberries can be made to o,',ier ^Ir- :l:'rr"rM go a long way by making a sauce as ti,ar the s!ei'i"-.-l't"r> follows: Make n hard sauce from one- jj,a[ |?. ,-.:M ;i" third cupful of butter, one cupful of ..SM.W?.,| air! powdered sugar, and the stiffly beaten " White of an egg. Crush two-thirds of Don't Forget Cuticura a cupful of fresh strawberries and when a<|dii.^ t" >"ur bent gradually Into the hard sauce. ^ eXqUlsite fa1 " Ii' l'"'' This may be slightly warmed over hot "powder nu'l l,,'rfuL,f( water. The acidity of the berries may perfume s"i''rfUf,y<*B capee the sauce to separate some- . ' jt |?>,-aii?c""e 0 -vlH what, but this does not affect the J|f ^ (Soap flavor- 25c?each m Vitaminea and Minerals A woman * ^ ^ ,n ,- -?* ^ constant and abundant supply of these .. ,r, t . tB things in their food to help them The v,'r|i,l.']< grow and develop normally. Oranges and com ?^ also have the advantage that they can ? be given between meals without spoil- r "1 " A' Ing the appetite for other foods at ? w wthe'regular meal times. In fact they seem to sharpen rather than dull the ^ ^ appetite. q Buy Milk in Bottles ^ Ju The best way of buying milk Is In BW j ( bottles. In this form It can be kept /VkMlH'?V'0fi I clean and cool more easily during delivery and Is much more convenient to < nanuie. Dipping milk from large cans ''/'a '"foM and pouring it into customer's recep- little ??">?*,' ? > .aC,ii^' tacles on the street exposes it to dusty air and is bad practice. h . ' Phjroician* *k; -s'Sm the most _ ^ to science. M? > M Corn meal is useful for taking out i?*nold-^1" i?('' 1 grease stains on rugs. Rub the meal purgCT,'h^b^i' ? into the stain, using a fresh supply v^sr.i^ *r| as it absorbs the crease * - - " *"" "eocwidll ??* * I Attractive and Inexpensive table J, jTh/i - , I runners can be made of crash towel- ^11 enJyou"','u','^ lng. They give a summer touch to the famcock L:s';r' 'y"!jJl luncheon or supper table. Ba * - B~~* Fresh pineapple and strawberries HaflC? iipil make a combination worth trying, <' CO^P" JH whether as a breakfast fruit or as a Sulp^M' dessert for dinner or supper. ???.