Btit From Where Will the Capital Come to Develop Ethiopia’s Unexploited Resources? And Will Italians Colonize Country? By WILLIAM C. UTLLEY WITH the annexation of Ethiopia by Italy, the Dark Con tinent of Africa now consists entirely of "colonies” of the European nations, with the single exception of Li beria, a tiny negro republic on the Atlantic coast near the equator and just south of the Sahara desert. Africa covers 12,000,000 square miles and is the home of 150, 000,000 people. For four hundred years the continent has been a colonial pie sliced up by the swords of half a dozen nations. Much of the territorial holdings in it are in the hands of three minor nations which are hardly in a position to defend their hold tings against ine countries wnicn in' the past few decades have asserted their power more substantially. These three powers are Spain, Portugal and Belgium. They rule over 1,850,000 square miles of Afri ca and among their colonial sub jects are 17,500,000 people. With her new colony, which Mus solini says will be developed to Its fullest extent Immediately, Italy now has possession of Libya, a vast stretch of country across the Medi terranean In a southerly direction from the mother country; Eritrea, along the southern end of the Red sea; Ethiopia, which Includes the headwaters of the Nile, and Italian Somaliland, which lies along the In dian ocean and borders Ethiopia on ■ the south. Flanks Britain’s "Life-Line." This means that Italy has become an empire, that Victor Emanuel Is no longer merely a king, but an em •' peror. The only barrier that sep arates the two major sections of this vast colonial estate Is the An approximately 65,000,000 persona. In cluding Egypt, these colonies cover 3fi25,000 square miles, making the population about 16 to the square mile. The British colonies, which stretch the full length of Africa on the eastern side of the continent, are the most inhabitable sections. In annexing Ethiopia, Italy will have added about 350,000 square miles to her colonial empire, and will have gathered another 10,000, 000 persons nnder the Italian flag. With the new conquest, the popu lation of her African colonies rises from 2.5 persons to the square mile to 10.5 persons to the square mile. She now controls nearly 1,267,000 square miles of Africa, with a pop ulation of 13,350,000 persons. Belgium’s territory, while It is large, consists almost entirely of equatorial jungle, which is not at the present time valuable. What its worth will be when and if the jungle of the Belgian Congo is ever cleared, is unknown. There are ► Italian Planet in an Air Raid Near Addit Ababa. glo-Egyptlan Sudan. Italy la now firmly entrenched along both sides of the Mediterranean and at the southern mouth of the Bed sea, be coming what is probably the dom inating factor along the life-line of Britain’s empire. Britain, with her prestige falling apart because of the total Ineffec tuality of her campaign in the League of Nations to stop the Ital ian course of empire, and the utter failure of her fleet to bluff n Duce Into backing down, now finds herself in a most embarrassing position. Not only has she suffered great lost of respect in the eyes of the world, but the has ceased to dominate the route to India through the Sues canal. Her line of colonies tohich stretch from Cairo to the Cape of Good Hope are no longer flanked by a nation without sufficient power to worry anybody, but by the colonies of a nation which is not only posoerful in Africa but in Europe itself. And the source of much of the all-important irrigation of Egyp tian lands it now in the hands of a power which is at present hostile. Of the African colonies, Britain’s are, however, undoubtedly the best More than one-fourth of the conti nent is covered by the Sahara des ert, and there Is another large des ert, the Kalahari, In the South. The average density of the population In Africa Is about twelve to a square mile, as compared with about forty to a square mile In the United States. The density of population of the British colonies is everywhere above the average for the continent, ■while the possessions of every other power have an average density be low the continental average. France Is Biggest Holder. France and Great Britain now share equally about two-thirds of Africa. The remainder Is divided up between Italy, Belgium, Spain t and Portugal. It is France who is the largest holder of territory in Africa. She has the Island of Madagascar In the Indian ocean off the southeast Afri can coast, Morocco, Algiers and Tunis. But since so much of her holdings Include desert land—she virtually owns the Sahara—her 4, 282,000 square mlled of territory have an average population of only nine souls to the square mile. Her African colonial subjects number > about 88.000,000 in all. ' ' . ' ■ • - not many people able to exist In these 920,000 square miles, the pop ulation being about ten persons to the square mile, with a total of 9, 684,000. Sven more sparse Is the popula tion of Portugal's several African colonies, chief among which are Angola, bordering the Atlantic coast to the south of the Belgian Congo, and Mozambique along the Indian ocean on the mainland opposite Madagascar. The Portuguese ter ritory embraces a little less than 800,000 square miles, with a little over 7,000,000 Inhabitants, or about nine to the square mile. Spain’* Share Sparsely Settled. Spain’s 140,000 square miles of African territory, chiefly In Moroc co and on the Atlantic seaboard Pietro Badogllo, Italy's new vice roy of Ethiopia, surveys the lay of the land as an aide points It out to him. west of the Sahara, are Inhabited by only abont 900,000 persons, or 6.5 to the square mile. The popular conception that colo nies in Africa offer the European colonising nations an outlet for their escess populations has been proved more or less false. With all the colo nisation and empire building of 400 years, only one person in SO on the African continent today is white. There are in all only about SjOOOflOO white*. It la also doubtful that the Dark Continent and Its people present any great market for goods manu factured In Europe Natives, large ly of a primitive character, require little of the manufactured goods of civilization. It may be possible that Recent picture of the defeated Emperor Halle Selassie. with continued development this market will be built up. But such development takes an enormous amount of capital. That Is the one big disappoint ment to Italy In her conquest of Ethiopia. The land, exclusive of the central plateau, is poor, the nat ural resources are ridiculously less than they have been estimated In the popular fancy of those who seek to Justify II Duce's bloody war. Colonisation Is Difficult. Mussolini claimed a double pur pose In his conquest of the ancient kingdom of Abysslna—room for his overcrowded people to expand, and the obtalnment of raw materials for Italian Industries. But Italian people are apparently not so willing to become colonists In an unpleas ant and uncomfortable land. In Eritrea, which has been Italian now for 60 years, there are only about 100 colonists. The entire Ogaden area, with the provinces of Boron and Bale, so com pletely conquered by the forces of General Graziani, are of little or no value, being principally desert. He has not yet moved into the rich agricul tural regions of the Arussi plateau, al though that is scheduled to be his next step. There has been some romantic gossip of vast oil deposits In Ethio pia, especially In the Ogaden dis trict, but these have been largely de nied by the facts. What mineral resources are present will be found for the larger part In the Danakll country to the northeast, but even these are uncertain. There Is some salt, which Italy mined during the war—at a cost all out of proportion to Its value In peace times. Italy Must Aid Colonists. The important part of Ethiopia Is the central plateau, whose popula tion Is the traditional enemy of the tribes on the outskirts below. Here It Is that Mussolini plans to put most of his colonists. The coun try Is agriculturally rich and the climate, while it ts not pleasant to white people by any means. Is at least livable. While the plateau may be said to be conquered. It is not yet entirely occupied by Italian armies, the Qojam and Shoa being still unoccupied. If the colonization of the plateau Is to be successful, the colonists must be given a great deal of aid by the mother country. The fact that the colonists will start from scratch will be a boon to Italian in dustry, for the demand for heavy goods for the building of a new na tion should give millions more work. It is believed that the colonists will be able to raise cereals and live stock, finding a market for them in Italy and selling them for prlcea which will be higher than the world market for the same goods. One of the principal problems facing the new Ethiopian emperor and his viceroy. General Badoglio, is what to do with the natives. It is hardly possi ble that they can be driven from ths land; they certainly will not be al lowed to compete with the colonists on equal terms, for they will be able to work for far smaller compensation, tht Italians being unable to compete with their low standard of living. The sit nation will be much the same as that which the Japanese peasants found is attempting to colonise Manchuria. With the exception of some little platinum and gold, the mineral re sources of Ethiopia are largely a fable. The wealth. If any, which II will add to Italy will have to b« worked out of the land In hard Ital lan sweat—and with the capitalize tlon of hundreds of millions of dol lars. Italy hasn’t got the hundred! of mUllons. But she has now fulfilled whal Mussolini says has been the dream of Fascism for 15 years. Italy has become an empire. It sounds big and It earns H Duce Invaluable plaudits from his people • Waitan Mcwwkpar UnJoa. Where Tutankhamen’* Tomb Wae Found. Prepared by National Geographic society, Washington, D. C.—WNXJ Service. TOMB thought to have been cut through the solid rock over 7,000 years ago was dis covered recently ten miles south of Cairo, Egypt. Apparently robbed centuries ago by thieves who cut through two large slabs of stone guarding the entrance, It still con tained a bundle of arrows, and some symmetrical jars, probably put there for the benefit of the soul of the dead person, who is believed to have been a nobleman. Modern “safe-crackers” have noth ing on ancient Egypt tomb rob bers. They had a system all their own. At Thebes the very men who dug the underground chambers for the dead and prepared the sar cophagi for the royal mummies sometimes tunneled under the site. Thus they were ready to break through the floor and the base of the sarcophagus and so withdraw the mummy and Its jewels. The up per surfaces of the royal sepulcher would give no hint that the body had been taken away. A tomb that survived 33 centuries of grave robberies was that of Tut ankhamen, hewn In the limestone cliffs near Luxor, Egypt. When officially opened in February, 1923, It still contained the king's mum my, sarcophagus, rich coffins, and numerous art objects. The ante chamber alone contained 167 ar ticles of Importance. Statues of the King. Facing each other across the en trance to the Inner chamber were two nearly life-size figures of the king, each stricken stiff by the artist and standing helpless in Its vain attempt to guard the royal tomb; a mace in one hand, a long staff In the other, with a palm-leaf guard below the hand. The portions of these statues which represented skin were the dark, almost black, color which distinguishes the male figure from the female in Egyptian art. The headdresses, collarets, armlets, wristbands, maces, and staffs were gilded and the sandals were of gold. On each forehead was the royal cobra of inlaid bronze and gold. The eye sockets and eye brows were of gold, the eyeballs of aragonite, and pupils of obsidian. In the antechamber with the stat ues were a large funeral bouquet, a linen chest filled with the king’s undergarments, and a casket whose vaulted lid bore paintings depict ing lion hunts. The sides of the lat ter were decorated with paintings showing the king In battle against African and Asiatic enemies. The contents consisted of the king’s rai ment. Most of the paraphernalia was badly crumpled and the fine fabrics had almost perished. Well preserved, however, was a leopard's-head buckle found on one of the robes, and a golden scarab buckle. Finely wrought In silver and gold and Inlaid with carnelfan, lapis lazuli glass, and turquoise glass, the design of this buckie proclaimed the name of the king. In the tomb were alabaster vases filled with unguents. Though in the tomb of King Tutankhamen for 3,300 years, the unguents retained their perfume and became viscous In the gun. Some of the objects found in the tomb which Tutankhamen wished to use in the afterworld Included a stool, made of solid ebony Inlaid with Ivory and mounted with gold. The feet of the stool represented ducks’ beads, and the seat was inlaid to represent an animal skin. The king’s throne was covered with gold and silver and inlaid with semi-precious stones. Upon the back of the throne was a tableau representing the king and queen under the Aten (sun), the rays being In bas-relief. Discovery Was a Sensation. Words cannot give any Impression of the decorations of the sarcopha gus Itself. This great box appeared to be of wood, covered with gold leaf or thicker gold, which was quite bright and had across it a fine frieze in lapis lazuli or faience enamel. It appeared to an observer to be about nine feet high, and about eighteen or twenty feet long. The discovery of"' Tutankhamen's tomb was world news. Thousands of columns of newspaper space were devoted to it in every country. Never before in history bad an archeolog ical discovery so captured popular Interest After the art objects had been removed and protected, the tomb with its sarcophagus and mummy was opened for visits by the public. Probably 100,000 vis itors !o all had entered the tomb by January, 1934 Business men throughout the world pleaded for the right to use these 3,300-year-old designs for gloves, sandals, jewelry, and textiles. One American silk manufacturer es tablished a scholarship for study of the designs. The incomparable treasures from Tutankhamen’s tomb, whose salvage required years of arduous work. Were exhibited in the Egyptian mu seum at Cairo, where they occupied several galleries In the crowded show house founded by Marietta Pasha. The official opening of the in ner chamber of Tutankhamen’s tomb was on February 18, 1923. The queen of the Belgians was the hon or guest. A staff correspondent of the National Geographic society de scribes the event. *:. On February 17, he arrived In Luxor, crossed the river and start ed on foot for the Tombs of the Kings. Plodding along on foot he exchanged Arabic salutations with the white-toothed village girls, felt the African sun on his back, and watched the camels stalk by on their way to the cane fields. ;On the Way to the Tomb. The morning freshness was still In the air. Gangs of prisoners were grading and watering the road which Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth of Belgium would use on the mor row, when she came to pay the first royal visit to Tutankhamen in more than thirty centuries. But the correspondent did not keep to the winding ways, made smooth for automobiles, which glide like a chalk-white serpent between the tawny hills. Beyond the green fields he saw the Colossi of Memnon and made for them. He wanted to pass the many lesser gaping tomb mouths before he finally came to the royal tombs behind the lime stone ridge. The noonday sun was hot and getting hotter. He shouldered his heavy camera and started up the j steep path. Thus should one ap- : proach that hell-hole in the hills where the greatest of Pharaohs hid themselves and where not more than two or three still lie undis turbed by modern man. As he passed the tomb of Setl I and turned toward the lower entrance of the valley he saw below him a small white tent, a wooden shelter for the armed guard, the clutter of lumber which archeologists use, and the new wall of Irregular stones which hid the entrance of Tut ankhamen's mausoleum. This su perheated graveyard, which was to become a picnic ground and levee for royalty on the morrow, was a silent place. Correspondents wait ing about for news spoke In whis pers, as though the secrets of the spot would be violated by loud talk. Mystery hung as heavy on the place as mystery can In the full light of day. Official Opening a Spectacle. Early the next day the corre spondent rode out again to the scene. The stage was all set for the big event of the day, the offi cial opening. As the day grew hot. small companies of visitors arrived; but there had been no attempt to make this a popular holiday and the crowd never numbered more than200. About noon there arrived a squad of camels laden with food and drink for the distinguished guests. The last of them seemed to be sweating from the heat, an unusual phenome non, made plain when one noticed that bis load was ice In gunny sacks. None of this feast was eaten by the guests, for the train which brought Her Majesty and Lord and Lady Allen by to Luxor was so late that lunch ing out there In the graveyard of royalty was not to be thought of. Those who had come early had al ready eaten their lunches in the tun nel leading to the tomb of Amen messe, as one eats In a railway lunchroom, with one eye on the clock and the other on the door. The age-old walls of stone echoed to the rattle of the portable typewriter op erated by a press reporter. Then came Lord Allenby In his motor car, to wait near the bar rier to welcome the queen. A motor rolled up; a white-clad figure alighted; there were numer ous Introductions, especially to those Egyptian officials present, and the queen, with Mr. Carter leading the way, with Lord Carnarvon on her left and with Lord Carnarvon's daughter just behind, went down the Incline that led to the tomb mouth. Within a moment Her Maj esty had entered the shadowy por tals of Tutankhamen's tomb. Yesterday’s Literary Lights. Hollywood, calif.— The other day Finley Pe ter Dunne passed away. Thirty years ago his articles meant each week a roar of joy as wide as the continent. His books sold enormously; his country prop erly acclaimed him its greatest sa tiric humorist. Yet I’ll venture not one In five of the on-coming gener ation ever heard his name, and we thought the fame of “Mr. Dooley" was eternal. Mary Johnston, who wrote some of the most distinguished novels of her time, also died recently. In the papers I saw she rated only a brief paragraph. Slower than Americans to give i their love to man or woman, the J Irvin S. Cobb sentiment wedded to the Idol from i then on. The mar riage between pop- j nlarity and merit ' lasts till death doth | them part. But, we, who elevate a fa vorite to a pedes tal overnight, for get that favorite overnight. We make an ardent sweet heart, an impetu ous hride. hut a most Inconstant spouse. • • * "Simplified" Revenue Bills. /"'ONGKESS is wrestling with the new “simplified'’ revenue bill, having simplified it down to a mere sixty-odd thousand words—about the length of a fair-sized summer novel. But the plot is different— and having made its provisions so clear and lucid that you may read it backward or forward, you seem to get practically the same result either way. It may yet be necessary to call In Professor Einstein to elucidate it If he can explain bis theory of relativity—and the professor still asserts he can—he might be willing to tackle the Job. Anyhow, the ultimate outcome— and in this connection I certainly like that word “outcome”—must be that congress will find a method further to lighten pocketbooks. • • • Where the League’s Headed. TN SPITE of what's happened *■ lately, one persistent last-ditcher and forlorn-hoper among the Brit ish diplomats insists the League of Nations, to quote his own words, is ‘‘a going concern.” Yes, but where? Makes me think of a little yarn a man told me: ‘‘Fifteen of us,” he said, “were waiting our turns to buy tickets one hot night at Grand Central station. All at once a gentleman, far overtaken In alcohol, forced his way to the head of the line, using his head to butt with and his elbows to paddle with, and emp tied his pockets of some small change, and slapped it down on the shelf and yelled: ‘Gimme a ticket to Buffalo!’ “‘This all the money you got?* demanded the man behind the wicket “ ‘Yes.’ “‘Why, you can’t go to Buffalo for a dollar and forty cents.’ ‘‘Well, where can I go, then?” said the stew. “And with one voice all fifteen of us told him.” • • • G-Man Hoover’s Efficiency. YOU can’t help liking the fel low’s style of repartee. “And what's a person named Hoover doing to Justify bis hang ing on with this administration?” or words to that general effect says Senator McKeller, of old Tennessee, brightly. “ 'Scuse me, massa,” mur murs J. Edgar, reaching for his hat and handcuffs. “Ah won’t be gone long, boss.’’ And Inside of a week or two he drifts in, strum ming a plantation tune on his G string and, by gum. If he isn’t tow Ing a whole mess of public ene mies. That’s what I call an apt retort or, as the purists would put it a snappy comeback. • • • Yellow Public Enemies. WHAT Is It has turned them from cop-killing bravos into quivering wretches who cower in hiding like mice behind a wainscot, who flinch like trapped rabbits when they’re smoked out, who whine like whipped cur-dogs for a chance to plead guilty? Can it be because, Instead ot courageous but inexperienced local officers, they now face trained man-hunters who'd rather destroy such human vermin than eat plel Or is It because. Instead of going to trial In state courta where un scrupulous Shysters may trick dazed Jurors Into showing mistaken mercy and where, even though convicted, there’s nothing ahead worse than temporary detention In some crim inal-coddling retreat with senti mental meddlers to pamper them and mush-mlnded parole boards waiting to free them, now they get a full measure of stern Justice from federal Judges and go to real prisons, to stay there—hurrah! IRVIN 8. COBB I Pretty Wall Hanging of Colorful Peacocks PATTERN 1014 How rarely one sees a peacock with all his lovely plumage displayed l This proud pair of colorful birds will hold this unique pose as long as your wall panel lasts. You’ll want It done in a short time, of course, and it will be, for the actual em broidery goes very quickly, using only single, running and outline stitches. You may use either silk, wool or cot ton (loss, but rememher—the more colorful it is, the prettier! 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