THURSDAY, JANUARY 27
Page 8
193
THE WAYNES V I LLE MOUNTAINEER
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Modern Battleships Can Stand
Heavy Bombing Without Sinking
Jnside Of Battleship Is Mass Of
Stel, Carefully Fabricated
To Perfect Balance
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Editor's note This is the second
of a series of articles written on ship
building by Harry H. Hall, a former
shipbuilder.
Before going further into the 'de
scription of the building of a ship,
let us endeavor to get. a little concep
tion of what a ship is,
what she looks like in
side the steel walls of
her outer shell, or hull.
As we mentioned last
week, there are two dis
tinct general types of
ships: those designed
I.W and constructed for
H. M. Hall naval service, and those
for commercial purpos
es, and for pleasure craft. At the top
of the first classification is the battle
ship, at the top of the other are the
much larger merchant passenger ships
of the Queen Mary and Normandie
type, ship about one thousand feet
long and more than 83,000 registered
tons.
Kight here let us explain this ques
tion of ship's tonnage as we shall have
to speak of it many times in these
articles, and it is rather a confusing
subject, akin to speaking of miles and
kilometers as a measure of distance.
Naval ships are spoken of as being
f so many tons "displacement." This
signifies just what the word means,
i. e., the nnmber of tons of water dis
placed by the weight of the ship whin
immersed to her normal depth. In
the case of the battleship this is only
changed by the amount of coal, oil
fuel, ammunition, or other supplies
used, or renewed. In the case of the
merchant ship her displacement
eruals. the weight of the ship when
fight, or unloaded; and it equals this
weight of the ship plus the weight
of the cargo, when leaded. Under all
circumstances the weight of the ship
equals the weight of the water dis
placed, so long as the ship floats.
When the weight of the ship is great
er than this weight of displaced water
the insurance companies are notified,
because she has gone to the bottom.
A vessel is held balanced between two
forces that of her weight, which is
the downward force tending to sink it,
und that of the upward pressure of
the water, which exerted against her
bulk tends to force nor out oi the
water.
Merchant ships are usually spoken
f in terms of net or gross tonnage,
tiross tonnage is the entire interior
capacity of the ship measure in terms
of a ton per 100 cubic feet. Net ton-
age is this gross tonnage less the
space used for engines ami boilers
and
the
nas
It
for
tne
Ring
t " 1 s
offices and crew, gear and stores
ther space which is utilized by
ship. It represents wnat the shir
to sell for cargo and passengers
forms the basis for all charters
the carrying or treight. 1: is
space which constitutes" hei ea in
capacity. Another name, tor
space is ' lu g'.su-i'ed Tonnage.
As we s.iui above, the battle
heads one class. of ships and the thi
ami foot .passenger ship heads the i
or. As thee two uescenii tne seal,
ach classification t'r.ey'- 'ainvt- re
a n'r.-T- !". pom'.. Vrvie the n
chant mp more r.eanv carrits nor I
1
general type of construction all the
way through, the naval ship changes
materially. She begins to loose
weight, strength of construction, and
offensive and protective ability as she
passes down through the classes of
heavy and light cruisers, known as
battle and scout cruisers, gun bouts,
destroyers, etc. They, however, usu
ally increase in speed, and cruising
radius as they get lighter. As they go
down through fled auxiliary Classes
their construction becomes practically
the same as that of a merchant ship.
Picture the battleship "Maryland"
if you can. 1 can, for I helped build
her. She is a mass of steel displacing
37,500 tons of water. She is VZi feet
long, 'J7 feet 32 inch extreme breadth,
sinks below the surface of the water
30 feet 6 inches. The power plant in
her engine rooms drives this mass
through the water at a speed of 21.07
miles, about 24.25 land miles, per
hour. She carries eight 16 inch guns,
tiring a broadside weighing 16,800
pounds, and a secondary battery of
twelve 5-inch guns delivering a
weight of steel of 756 pounds, a com
bined weight of projectiles of about
eight and three-quarter tons. These
shells hurtle through the air at a
speed of mrre than two thousaud feet
per second and hitting, with the large
ones, a target twenty miles away, a
target unseen, but struck by mathe
matical calculation and precision on
reports from the tiny plane high in
the air "spotting" for the fire control
officers in a room deep in the interior
of the ship.
In order to construct a ship that
can either withstand the force of the
recoil from these guns, or to resist
the blow delivered by them, the vessel
must be built with strength to the
extreme range of human ability. A
graphic illustration as to how far
guns have gonc since the days when
"Old Ironsides" got the best of tht
"Guenerie," on the HHh of August,
1812, to the modern "Maryland" is
shown between the weight of the
"Constitution's" broadside of 084
pounds, against 'that of the "Mary-
l.,r,,l" I.. ..,.'
l Oil VI ' . i I ,tn' jiVUllU."., Ill jU;H .Ul II
a pri'poi tion has stivngth and situ j
increased.
. Koughly speaking the armored pari'
of a modern battleship resembles an.
oblong box. I'nl.ke the lighter, .pro-. i.
tectjon of the remaining pails, this
heavy armored "box" exu-nds from a
transverse bulkhead well forward, con- j
netted by .two 'longitudinal'" belts along
e a c h s i 1 1 e . v i t h a i i k e t r a n s v e r s e b u 1 k -!
head well aft. Inside of this armored j
section are placed the vital elements
Of the ship, her power plant, her mag
azines and tire control systems, etc.
On top of this belt of encompassing
armor are decks of heavy nroiectile
resisting steel; below are decks of i
steel and a heavy double-bottom, t
Across the entire ship from bow to !
stern extending from the bottom to
well above the water line, are manv ;
water tight bulkheads, while others j
break up these sections fore and aft. '
1 he doors of all these can be closed
instantly, and at one time, by pusning
a but tin. or throwing a switch on the
hriU.-e. thus localising any water that .
mav come m through a hole in the. !
snie. to a vcr.Y small sietiun
' A 12-Ounce Baby Grows Up
" ;! Jacqueline Jean Benso-. tf
F7 - .
Human Boiws in Tree
s.
Mi I
I I
tor $r
Two years ago this little girl weighed 12 ounces at birth and was -known
as the "world's tiniest baby". Now Jacqueline Jean Benson,
of Chicago, weighs 2i pounds and is as strong and healthy as any.
girl of her age.
One Bid
WASHINGTON. 1' a n- American
Airways submitted the only bid for
airmail service irom Baltimore to
Hamilton, Bermuda to' 'the Postoffice
Department recently. Its bid was
tvOuOOl per pound for a specific load
up to 800 pounds per trip and a rate
of 5.000005 per pound for loads more
than 800 pound. Under such a bid,
if the Airways handle 100,000 pounds
of mail per year, the revenue will' be
only Ji. '
$30,000 For Smile
Bombs to Germany
PHILADELPHIA.--A cargo of aer
ial bombs, the first of an order which
will total 2,500 tons, was loaded
aboard the German steamship Crefeld,
for shipment to Germany for reship
ment, the final destination unnamed.
Former Kaiser of Germany still in
exile at Dorn, but his lot is much
more comfortable than that of many
who were ruined in health and body
because of his attempt to conquer the
world.
LONDON. When a man sawed
through an old tree, which had fall
en through old age, he found the
skeletons of four human beings. Ap
parently, the bones had been placed
within a cavity scooped out of the
tree between sixty and one hundred
years ago, and the panel, used to
close the cavity, had become complete
ly regrafted on the trunk.
XT T! TT a
iu Diru nuniing
Will Be Allowed
On Sundays In N,C
According to G. C. Plott
i n pa oiiu c tri.t.iai taint' nriiT,.,-..
a recent meeting of the State Bo'-'
wi wiimnuwuii aiiu UtV( nr..
Prepare for Flood
KNOXV1LLE, Tenn. In order to
provide reservoir capacity to control
spring floods in the Tennessee Valley,
the TVA has begun to lower the giant
lake behind its $36,000,000 Norris
Dam on the Clinch river. Excess
rainfall is stored in the dam basin
and gradually released, preventing
the usual flood damage.
held in Raleigh, it was voted
10 Pf.
hi hit the hunting or tatm,.
W ,
Carolina.
This regulation will become t
tive on Sunday, February ;he 6'i
Violation of this board reguia
will be considered a misdemeanors-
ouuuaj iiuiii-inn; nil uv SlTlttiy gg,
lawed in the state.
"Biscuits to be made ot en,,.'.,
Headline. Now, there's a biscuit ttJ
snouiu realty ucsie tne paint.
eliver
iwi ii i r i
we UalandU
Rapid Service...
OUR CUSTOM
We invite you to join the scores of people in this com.
munity who are already enjoying the best laundry service
any town could have. You'll agree that our work IS near
perfect as its humanly possible to do, and our service
is Quick.
Phone 205
SEND US YOUR LAUNDRY AND DRY CLEANING
Waynesville Laundry, Inc.
J. W. K1LLI AN BOYD AVENUE
Phone 205
WICHITA, Kan Charging that
because of injuries 'received in an auto
mobile accident, her 3-year-old daugh
ter, Charlotte, "never will be able i
to smile again." Mrs. E. M. Shafer '
asked ..530,000 damages from. C. C. ,
Hilhgoss. whose car was involvd in,
the accident. 1
Carol. King of Rumania:
"It is my government. The day I
am not satisfied with its conduct, I will
require a change. '
hull.
Tr
earne
'.tie- :
tlie
eit.-
u-w feet oe
;w feet above.
in-
1 ' "s"
Jim "The best I can figure out, we farmers are in for
a good year."
Tom "That is .right. But we will have to watch
every corner on expenses."
Jim "I practiced that last-, year,, and found the very
place, I go to Junaluska Supply. There ain't many things
they don't carry."
Tom "I figured you were saving money somewhere."
Jim "I -can 'get -everything:-there; and get it cheap
er. They are out of the high rent district, and that means
they can sell for lots less."
TorrWThanks for the advice. I'll go there this year
and put the difference in the bank to apply on my farm
payments."
Junaluska Supply Co.
JERRY LINER. Owner
Phone 263-J Lake Junahiska
was to Use plates ot great thickness,
weighing aiiv.est :i:ty t,n:' eaen.
More nlotiern nietnods follow -the . 'aw
that it is haidei . to penetrate three
nteccs ot n-.etat. :iy ot t-mch. o-men
and . Irincn thicKiiess each, placed a
lutie d. stance apart, tnan it is to
pierce one piece of 10-inch steel.
1 his is because tne projectile has on
three separate times to overcome the
initial spring and resistance .offered
by the sheets of metal, and the force
of tne blow is greatiy reduced. Be
cause of tins tact tr.e newer sn:ps
-have a much '.'--lighter outride armor
belt, inside of which are two or three
parallel belts much lighter still, sep
arated from each other by considera
ble space, and kept apart by heavy
frames and cofferdam bulkheads, each
section made watertight from the
others. These spaces are utilized for
storage- I n:s system is more defen
sive, and has reduced to weight so
tnat heavier protective uec as to guard
against air attack can be used, and
heavier guns up to l5-inch can be car
ried without increasing tr.e sh.p s
displacement.
Above the upper protective de-ck
rise the turrets ol heaves: armor steel,
inside of which are placed the guns of
the main battery, two or three to the
turret. These turrets are double
decked, one forward and the other
aft, and extend below the water line
in part, so as to afford protection to
the ammunition hoists, to power lines
and tire control communication sys
tems. These turrets revolve so as to
allow the guns to be trained from a
point or so foward or abait the beam
on each side and around the horizontal
arc forward or aft of tr.e these two
broadside points. The vertical move
ments, of the guns are obtained by
raising or lowering tnetr own muzzles.
These two movements are so finely
adjusted and poised that they are ac
complished to a fraction of an inch.
smoothly, without sound, with speed,
and the power to do this is under such
control that a man can move all these
hundreds of tons of steel by the turn
ing of a small brass wheel for turret
control, and another for gun control.
The parts of the hull outside of this
armored section are more lightly pro
tected and give form to the ship and
accommodation for le vital parts of
her equipment, yet strong enough
through their connection with keel
plates, and bulkheads and decks to
make the whole structure of the bat-
tleship the most powerful one in the1
world of man's achievement. I
ta-J IfcAvVvV --e- - ' ..--.'
Will Your Name
Be In This Waynesville, N. C.
District Credit Book?
How Will Yon Be
RATED?
If you owe any past due accounts- pay them; do it now, so you will be el
rated. This company keeps the merchants and professional men informed at
all times as to just how you pay your bills.
This system is built on constructive lines. It makes the poor, but honest
man's credit as good as that of the rich. It also prevents the man who does
not pay his bills from getting; credit
If you have a good credit record, your trade is valuable and any merchant
or professional man is glad to accommodate you.
Credit Is A Matter of Trust, Your Honor Is Involved
It is granted you on a promise to pay, and you cannot afford to break
that promise. The merchant can better afford to lose the bill than you can
afford not to pay.
So don't blame the merchant if you are refused credit.
Delinquents affected will receive a special letter with the Merchants
Mercantile Agency heading, and a picture of the Credit Guide on the nppr
left hand corner telling just what is expected of them.
This Credit Guide and system is being organized by The
Merchants Mercantile Agency
410 Bond Building Washington, D. C,
Since 1889