Btit From Where Will the Capital Come to Develop Ethiopia’s
Unexploited Resources? And Will Italians Colonize Country?
By WILLIAM C. UTLLEY
WITH the annexation of Ethiopia by Italy, the Dark Con
tinent of Africa now consists entirely of "colonies” of
the European nations, with the single exception of Li
beria, a tiny negro republic on the Atlantic coast near
the equator and just south of the Sahara desert.
Africa covers 12,000,000 square miles and is the home of 150,
000,000 people. For four hundred years the continent has been a
colonial pie sliced up by the swords of half a dozen nations.
Much of the territorial holdings in it are in the hands of three
minor nations which are hardly in a position to defend their hold
tings against ine countries wnicn in'
the past few decades have asserted
their power more substantially.
These three powers are Spain,
Portugal and Belgium. They rule
over 1,850,000 square miles of Afri
ca and among their colonial sub
jects are 17,500,000 people.
With her new colony, which Mus
solini says will be developed to Its
fullest extent Immediately, Italy
now has possession of Libya, a vast
stretch of country across the Medi
terranean In a southerly direction
from the mother country; Eritrea,
along the southern end of the Red
sea; Ethiopia, which Includes the
headwaters of the Nile, and Italian
Somaliland, which lies along the In
dian ocean and borders Ethiopia on
■ the south.
Flanks Britain’s "Life-Line."
This means that Italy has become
an empire, that Victor Emanuel Is
no longer merely a king, but an em
•' peror. The only barrier that sep
arates the two major sections of
this vast colonial estate Is the An
approximately 65,000,000 persona. In
cluding Egypt, these colonies cover
3fi25,000 square miles, making the
population about 16 to the square
mile. The British colonies, which
stretch the full length of Africa on the
eastern side of the continent, are the
most inhabitable sections.
In annexing Ethiopia, Italy will
have added about 350,000 square
miles to her colonial empire, and
will have gathered another 10,000,
000 persons nnder the Italian flag.
With the new conquest, the popu
lation of her African colonies rises
from 2.5 persons to the square mile
to 10.5 persons to the square mile.
She now controls nearly 1,267,000
square miles of Africa, with a pop
ulation of 13,350,000 persons.
Belgium’s territory, while It is
large, consists almost entirely of
equatorial jungle, which is not at
the present time valuable. What
its worth will be when and if the
jungle of the Belgian Congo is ever
cleared, is unknown. There are
►
Italian Planet in an Air Raid Near Addit Ababa.
glo-Egyptlan Sudan. Italy la now
firmly entrenched along both sides
of the Mediterranean and at the
southern mouth of the Bed sea, be
coming what is probably the dom
inating factor along the life-line of
Britain’s empire.
Britain, with her prestige falling
apart because of the total Ineffec
tuality of her campaign in the
League of Nations to stop the Ital
ian course of empire, and the utter
failure of her fleet to bluff n Duce
Into backing down, now finds herself
in a most embarrassing position.
Not only has she suffered great lost
of respect in the eyes of the world, but
the has ceased to dominate the route
to India through the Sues canal. Her
line of colonies tohich stretch from
Cairo to the Cape of Good Hope are
no longer flanked by a nation without
sufficient power to worry anybody, but
by the colonies of a nation which is
not only posoerful in Africa but in
Europe itself. And the source of much
of the all-important irrigation of Egyp
tian lands it now in the hands of a
power which is at present hostile.
Of the African colonies, Britain’s
are, however, undoubtedly the best
More than one-fourth of the conti
nent is covered by the Sahara des
ert, and there Is another large des
ert, the Kalahari, In the South. The
average density of the population
In Africa Is about twelve to a square
mile, as compared with about forty
to a square mile In the United
States. The density of population
of the British colonies is everywhere
above the average for the continent,
■while the possessions of every other
power have an average density be
low the continental average.
France Is Biggest Holder.
France and Great Britain now
share equally about two-thirds of
Africa. The remainder Is divided
up between Italy, Belgium, Spain
t and Portugal.
It is France who is the largest
holder of territory in Africa. She
has the Island of Madagascar In the
Indian ocean off the southeast Afri
can coast, Morocco, Algiers and
Tunis. But since so much of her
holdings Include desert land—she
virtually owns the Sahara—her 4,
282,000 square mlled of territory
have an average population of only
nine souls to the square mile. Her
African colonial subjects number
> about 88.000,000 in all.
' ' . ' ■ • -
not many people able to exist In
these 920,000 square miles, the pop
ulation being about ten persons to
the square mile, with a total of 9,
684,000.
Sven more sparse Is the popula
tion of Portugal's several African
colonies, chief among which are
Angola, bordering the Atlantic coast
to the south of the Belgian Congo,
and Mozambique along the Indian
ocean on the mainland opposite
Madagascar. The Portuguese ter
ritory embraces a little less than
800,000 square miles, with a little
over 7,000,000 Inhabitants, or about
nine to the square mile.
Spain’* Share Sparsely Settled.
Spain’s 140,000 square miles of
African territory, chiefly In Moroc
co and on the Atlantic seaboard
Pietro Badogllo, Italy's new vice
roy of Ethiopia, surveys the lay of
the land as an aide points It out to
him.
west of the Sahara, are Inhabited
by only abont 900,000 persons, or 6.5
to the square mile.
The popular conception that colo
nies in Africa offer the European
colonising nations an outlet for their
escess populations has been proved
more or less false. With all the colo
nisation and empire building of 400
years, only one person in SO on the
African continent today is white. There
are in all only about SjOOOflOO white*.
It la also doubtful that the Dark
Continent and Its people present
any great market for goods manu
factured In Europe Natives, large
ly of a primitive character, require
little of the manufactured goods of
civilization. It may be possible that
Recent picture of the defeated
Emperor Halle Selassie.
with continued development this
market will be built up. But such
development takes an enormous
amount of capital.
That Is the one big disappoint
ment to Italy In her conquest of
Ethiopia. The land, exclusive of
the central plateau, is poor, the nat
ural resources are ridiculously less
than they have been estimated In
the popular fancy of those who
seek to Justify II Duce's bloody war.
Colonisation Is Difficult.
Mussolini claimed a double pur
pose In his conquest of the ancient
kingdom of Abysslna—room for his
overcrowded people to expand, and
the obtalnment of raw materials
for Italian Industries. But Italian
people are apparently not so willing
to become colonists In an unpleas
ant and uncomfortable land. In
Eritrea, which has been Italian
now for 60 years, there are only
about 100 colonists.
The entire Ogaden area, with the
provinces of Boron and Bale, so com
pletely conquered by the forces of
General Graziani, are of little or no
value, being principally desert. He has
not yet moved into the rich agricul
tural regions of the Arussi plateau, al
though that is scheduled to be his next
step.
There has been some romantic
gossip of vast oil deposits In Ethio
pia, especially In the Ogaden dis
trict, but these have been largely de
nied by the facts. What mineral
resources are present will be found
for the larger part In the Danakll
country to the northeast, but even
these are uncertain. There Is some
salt, which Italy mined during the
war—at a cost all out of proportion
to Its value In peace times.
Italy Must Aid Colonists.
The important part of Ethiopia Is
the central plateau, whose popula
tion Is the traditional enemy of
the tribes on the outskirts below.
Here It Is that Mussolini plans to
put most of his colonists. The coun
try Is agriculturally rich and the
climate, while it ts not pleasant to
white people by any means. Is at
least livable. While the plateau may
be said to be conquered. It is not
yet entirely occupied by Italian
armies, the Qojam and Shoa being
still unoccupied.
If the colonization of the plateau
Is to be successful, the colonists
must be given a great deal of aid
by the mother country. The fact
that the colonists will start from
scratch will be a boon to Italian in
dustry, for the demand for heavy
goods for the building of a new na
tion should give millions more work.
It is believed that the colonists will
be able to raise cereals and live
stock, finding a market for them in
Italy and selling them for prlcea
which will be higher than the world
market for the same goods.
One of the principal problems facing
the new Ethiopian emperor and his
viceroy. General Badoglio, is what to
do with the natives. It is hardly possi
ble that they can be driven from ths
land; they certainly will not be al
lowed to compete with the colonists
on equal terms, for they will be able to
work for far smaller compensation, tht
Italians being unable to compete with
their low standard of living. The sit
nation will be much the same as that
which the Japanese peasants found is
attempting to colonise Manchuria.
With the exception of some little
platinum and gold, the mineral re
sources of Ethiopia are largely a
fable. The wealth. If any, which II
will add to Italy will have to b«
worked out of the land In hard Ital
lan sweat—and with the capitalize
tlon of hundreds of millions of dol
lars. Italy hasn’t got the hundred!
of mUllons.
But she has now fulfilled whal
Mussolini says has been the dream
of Fascism for 15 years. Italy has
become an empire. It sounds big
and It earns H Duce Invaluable
plaudits from his people
• Waitan Mcwwkpar UnJoa.
Where Tutankhamen’* Tomb Wae Found.
Prepared by National Geographic society,
Washington, D. C.—WNXJ Service.
TOMB thought to have been
cut through the solid rock
over 7,000 years ago was dis
covered recently ten miles south of
Cairo, Egypt. Apparently robbed
centuries ago by thieves who cut
through two large slabs of stone
guarding the entrance, It still con
tained a bundle of arrows, and
some symmetrical jars, probably
put there for the benefit of the soul
of the dead person, who is believed
to have been a nobleman.
Modern “safe-crackers” have noth
ing on ancient Egypt tomb rob
bers. They had a system all their
own. At Thebes the very men who
dug the underground chambers for
the dead and prepared the sar
cophagi for the royal mummies
sometimes tunneled under the site.
Thus they were ready to break
through the floor and the base of
the sarcophagus and so withdraw
the mummy and Its jewels. The up
per surfaces of the royal sepulcher
would give no hint that the body
had been taken away.
A tomb that survived 33 centuries
of grave robberies was that of Tut
ankhamen, hewn In the limestone
cliffs near Luxor, Egypt. When
officially opened in February, 1923,
It still contained the king's mum
my, sarcophagus, rich coffins, and
numerous art objects. The ante
chamber alone contained 167 ar
ticles of Importance.
Statues of the King.
Facing each other across the en
trance to the Inner chamber were
two nearly life-size figures of the
king, each stricken stiff by the artist
and standing helpless in Its vain
attempt to guard the royal tomb; a
mace in one hand, a long staff In
the other, with a palm-leaf guard
below the hand. The portions of
these statues which represented skin
were the dark, almost black, color
which distinguishes the male figure
from the female in Egyptian art.
The headdresses, collarets, armlets,
wristbands, maces, and staffs were
gilded and the sandals were of
gold. On each forehead was the
royal cobra of inlaid bronze and
gold. The eye sockets and eye
brows were of gold, the eyeballs of
aragonite, and pupils of obsidian.
In the antechamber with the stat
ues were a large funeral bouquet,
a linen chest filled with the king’s
undergarments, and a casket whose
vaulted lid bore paintings depict
ing lion hunts. The sides of the lat
ter were decorated with paintings
showing the king In battle against
African and Asiatic enemies. The
contents consisted of the king’s rai
ment. Most of the paraphernalia
was badly crumpled and the fine
fabrics had almost perished.
Well preserved, however, was a
leopard's-head buckle found on one
of the robes, and a golden scarab
buckle. Finely wrought In silver and
gold and Inlaid with carnelfan, lapis
lazuli glass, and turquoise glass, the
design of this buckie proclaimed
the name of the king.
In the tomb were alabaster vases
filled with unguents. Though in the
tomb of King Tutankhamen for 3,300
years, the unguents retained their
perfume and became viscous In the
gun.
Some of the objects found in the
tomb which Tutankhamen wished to
use in the afterworld Included a
stool, made of solid ebony Inlaid with
Ivory and mounted with gold. The
feet of the stool represented ducks’
beads, and the seat was inlaid to
represent an animal skin. The king’s
throne was covered with gold and
silver and inlaid with semi-precious
stones. Upon the back of the throne
was a tableau representing the king
and queen under the Aten (sun),
the rays being In bas-relief.
Discovery Was a Sensation.
Words cannot give any Impression
of the decorations of the sarcopha
gus Itself. This great box appeared
to be of wood, covered with gold
leaf or thicker gold, which was
quite bright and had across it a
fine frieze in lapis lazuli or faience
enamel. It appeared to an observer
to be about nine feet high, and
about eighteen or twenty feet long.
The discovery of"' Tutankhamen's
tomb was world news. Thousands
of columns of newspaper space were
devoted to it in every country. Never
before in history bad an archeolog
ical discovery so captured popular
Interest After the art objects had
been removed and protected, the
tomb with its sarcophagus and
mummy was opened for visits by
the public. Probably 100,000 vis
itors !o all had entered the tomb
by January, 1934
Business men throughout the
world pleaded for the right to use
these 3,300-year-old designs for
gloves, sandals, jewelry, and textiles.
One American silk manufacturer es
tablished a scholarship for study of
the designs.
The incomparable treasures from
Tutankhamen’s tomb, whose salvage
required years of arduous work.
Were exhibited in the Egyptian mu
seum at Cairo, where they occupied
several galleries In the crowded
show house founded by Marietta
Pasha.
The official opening of the in
ner chamber of Tutankhamen’s tomb
was on February 18, 1923. The
queen of the Belgians was the hon
or guest. A staff correspondent of
the National Geographic society de
scribes the event. *:.
On February 17, he arrived In
Luxor, crossed the river and start
ed on foot for the Tombs of the
Kings. Plodding along on foot he
exchanged Arabic salutations with
the white-toothed village girls, felt
the African sun on his back, and
watched the camels stalk by on
their way to the cane fields.
;On the Way to the Tomb.
The morning freshness was still
In the air. Gangs of prisoners
were grading and watering the road
which Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth
of Belgium would use on the mor
row, when she came to pay the first
royal visit to Tutankhamen in
more than thirty centuries. But
the correspondent did not keep to
the winding ways, made smooth for
automobiles, which glide like a
chalk-white serpent between the
tawny hills. Beyond the green fields
he saw the Colossi of Memnon and
made for them. He wanted to pass
the many lesser gaping tomb
mouths before he finally came to
the royal tombs behind the lime
stone ridge.
The noonday sun was hot and
getting hotter. He shouldered his
heavy camera and started up the j
steep path. Thus should one ap- :
proach that hell-hole in the hills
where the greatest of Pharaohs hid
themselves and where not more
than two or three still lie undis
turbed by modern man. As he
passed the tomb of Setl I and
turned toward the lower entrance
of the valley he saw below him a
small white tent, a wooden shelter
for the armed guard, the clutter
of lumber which archeologists use,
and the new wall of Irregular stones
which hid the entrance of Tut
ankhamen's mausoleum. This su
perheated graveyard, which was
to become a picnic ground and levee
for royalty on the morrow, was
a silent place. Correspondents wait
ing about for news spoke In whis
pers, as though the secrets of the
spot would be violated by loud talk.
Mystery hung as heavy on the place
as mystery can In the full light of
day.
Official Opening a Spectacle.
Early the next day the corre
spondent rode out again to the
scene. The stage was all set for
the big event of the day, the offi
cial opening. As the day grew hot.
small companies of visitors arrived;
but there had been no attempt to
make this a popular holiday and the
crowd never numbered more than200.
About noon there arrived a squad
of camels laden with food and drink
for the distinguished guests. The
last of them seemed to be sweating
from the heat, an unusual phenome
non, made plain when one noticed
that bis load was ice In gunny sacks.
None of this feast was eaten by the
guests, for the train which brought
Her Majesty and Lord and Lady Allen
by to Luxor was so late that lunch
ing out there In the graveyard of
royalty was not to be thought of.
Those who had come early had al
ready eaten their lunches in the tun
nel leading to the tomb of Amen
messe, as one eats In a railway
lunchroom, with one eye on the
clock and the other on the door. The
age-old walls of stone echoed to the
rattle of the portable typewriter op
erated by a press reporter.
Then came Lord Allenby In his
motor car, to wait near the bar
rier to welcome the queen.
A motor rolled up; a white-clad
figure alighted; there were numer
ous Introductions, especially to those
Egyptian officials present, and the
queen, with Mr. Carter leading the
way, with Lord Carnarvon on her
left and with Lord Carnarvon's
daughter just behind, went down
the Incline that led to the tomb
mouth. Within a moment Her Maj
esty had entered the shadowy por
tals of Tutankhamen's tomb.
Yesterday’s Literary Lights.
Hollywood, calif.—
The other day Finley Pe
ter Dunne passed away. Thirty
years ago his articles meant
each week a roar of joy as wide
as the continent. His books sold
enormously; his country prop
erly acclaimed him its greatest sa
tiric humorist. Yet I’ll venture not
one In five of the on-coming gener
ation ever heard his name, and we
thought the fame of “Mr. Dooley"
was eternal.
Mary Johnston, who wrote some
of the most distinguished novels of
her time, also died recently. In the
papers I saw she rated only a brief
paragraph.
Slower than Americans to give i
their love to man or woman, the J
Irvin S. Cobb
sentiment wedded
to the Idol from i
then on. The mar
riage between pop- j
nlarity and merit '
lasts till death doth |
them part. But, we,
who elevate a fa
vorite to a pedes
tal overnight, for
get that favorite
overnight. We make
an ardent sweet
heart, an impetu
ous hride. hut a
most Inconstant spouse.
• • *
"Simplified" Revenue Bills.
/"'ONGKESS is wrestling with the
new “simplified'’ revenue bill,
having simplified it down to a mere
sixty-odd thousand words—about
the length of a fair-sized summer
novel. But the plot is different—
and having made its provisions so
clear and lucid that you may read
it backward or forward, you seem
to get practically the same result
either way.
It may yet be necessary to call
In Professor Einstein to elucidate
it If he can explain bis theory
of relativity—and the professor still
asserts he can—he might be willing
to tackle the Job.
Anyhow, the ultimate outcome—
and in this connection I certainly
like that word “outcome”—must
be that congress will find a method
further to lighten pocketbooks.
• • •
Where the League’s Headed.
TN SPITE of what's happened
*■ lately, one persistent last-ditcher
and forlorn-hoper among the Brit
ish diplomats insists the League of
Nations, to quote his own words, is
‘‘a going concern.”
Yes, but where?
Makes me think of a little yarn
a man told me:
‘‘Fifteen of us,” he said, “were
waiting our turns to buy tickets
one hot night at Grand Central
station. All at once a gentleman,
far overtaken In alcohol, forced
his way to the head of the line,
using his head to butt with and
his elbows to paddle with, and emp
tied his pockets of some small
change, and slapped it down on
the shelf and yelled: ‘Gimme a
ticket to Buffalo!’
“‘This all the money you got?*
demanded the man behind the
wicket
“ ‘Yes.’
“‘Why, you can’t go to Buffalo
for a dollar and forty cents.’
‘‘Well, where can I go, then?” said
the stew.
“And with one voice all fifteen of
us told him.”
• • •
G-Man Hoover’s Efficiency.
YOU can’t help liking the fel
low’s style of repartee.
“And what's a person named
Hoover doing to Justify bis hang
ing on with this administration?”
or words to that general effect says
Senator McKeller, of old Tennessee,
brightly. “ 'Scuse me, massa,” mur
murs J. Edgar, reaching for his
hat and handcuffs. “Ah won’t be
gone long, boss.’’ And Inside of a
week or two he drifts in, strum
ming a plantation tune on his G
string and, by gum. If he isn’t tow
Ing a whole mess of public ene
mies.
That’s what I call an apt retort
or, as the purists would put it a
snappy comeback.
• • •
Yellow Public Enemies.
WHAT Is It has turned them
from cop-killing bravos into
quivering wretches who cower in
hiding like mice behind a wainscot,
who flinch like trapped rabbits
when they’re smoked out, who
whine like whipped cur-dogs for a
chance to plead guilty?
Can it be because, Instead ot
courageous but inexperienced local
officers, they now face trained
man-hunters who'd rather destroy
such human vermin than eat plel
Or is It because. Instead of going
to trial In state courta where un
scrupulous Shysters may trick dazed
Jurors Into showing mistaken mercy
and where, even though convicted,
there’s nothing ahead worse than
temporary detention In some crim
inal-coddling retreat with senti
mental meddlers to pamper them
and mush-mlnded parole boards
waiting to free them, now they get
a full measure of stern Justice
from federal Judges and go to real
prisons, to stay there—hurrah!
IRVIN 8. COBB
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